Freckles have been a source of admiration, envy, and curiosity for many generations. But how do they form? Why do some people have freckles on their faces and others do not? Along with sun exposure, your genes also play a role in the development of freckles.

Would You Like An In-Depth Analysis Of Your Skin?

How Do Freckles Occur?

Freckles are small brownish dot-like structures seen on sun-exposed areas (mainly the face) in some people.

During sun exposure, a type of skin cell called melanocytes produces a pigment called melanin. Melanin produces hair, eye, and skin pigmentation.

If the melanocytes produce melanin evenly, you get a tan when you’re in the sun. But in some people, more pigment is produced in some areas than others, which results in freckles.

Genetics Behind Freckles

Certain genes regulate the function of melanocytes. Thus, these genes also play an important role in skin pigmentation. Any changes in these genes can put a person at a higher risk for freckles, sun spots, and tanning.

For example, a gene called MC1R produces the receptor for the melanocyte-stimulating hormone, one of the two hormones that regulate pigmentation.

Certain changes in MC1R results in lower stimulation of pheomelanin (the lighter pigment). This results in the overproduction of eumelanin (the darker pigment) in certain areas, leading to freckles.

Did You Know?

The MC1R gene also influences the chances of someone having red-coloured hair. In some people, the production of eumelanin is much lower compared to pheomelanin. This results in light-coloured hair.

Curious about your freckles genes? Here’s how you can learn about it in 3 simple steps:

1. Head over to https://www.xcode.in/product/genetic-testing-kits/
2. Add a DNA kit and choose the Gene Skin Report
3. Complete the order and leave the rest to us!

Sweating is an essential bodily function that helps keep us cool and our muscles working. 

However, when sweating becomes excessive, it can cause several problems. 

Excessive sweating can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and overall body odor. 

In some cases, excessive sweating may signify an underlying medical condition.

If you are experiencing excessive sweating, consult your doctor for a diagnosis and treatment plan.

What is Excessive Sweating/Hyperhidrosis?

Excessive sweating is a common problem that affects many people. 

It is caused by an overactive sweat gland, which produces too much sweat. 

Excessive sweating can also be a sign of a health problem and can be uncomfortable and embarrassing. 

There are ways to treat excessive sweating, and it is usually manageable.

Types of Hyperhidrosis

There are three main types of hyperhidrosis: primary, secondary, and generalized. 

Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by a genetic disorder, while secondary and generalized hyperhidrosis are caused by various factors, including anxiety, stress, nervousness, and medical conditions. 

Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes or medications.

Primary Hyperhidrosis

This type of sweating occurs in specific areas of the body (known as focal areas). 

The most common focal areas include hands, feet, underarms, face, and head.

Secondary Hyperhidrosis

In contrast to primary hyperhidrosis, sweating doesn’t occur in “focal” areas. 

It is a result of a medical condition or a medication.

Some medical conditions that cause excessive sweating are:

• Diabetes
• Hyperthyroidism
• Pregnancy
• Anxiety
• Menopause
• Obesity
• Heart attack

Excessive sweating is also seen as a side effect of certain medications.

Some of them include:

• Diabetes drugs
• Glaucoma drugs
• Alzheimer's drugs
• Antidepressants

What Causes Excessive Sweating?

There are many potential causes of excessive sweating. 

Some of the more common ones include anxiety, overactive thyroid gland, pregnancy, and exercise. 

However, there is no one definitive cause for excessive sweating. 

Various factors contribute to it, including genetics and hormones.

Genetics and Excessive Sweating

There is no one answer as to why someone might sweat excessively, but genetics may play a role. 

Some people are born with genes that make them more likely to sweat, and others may be more sensitive to the effects of heat on their bodies. 

People who are genetically predisposed to excessive sweating may need to take measures to keep cool.

PPC1B Gene and Excessive Sweating

The PPC1B gene contains instructions for producing an enzyme called serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit.

It is involved in many cellular processes like:

• Cell division
• Glycogen metabolism
• Protein synthesis
• Muscle contraction

Studies have revealed that the PPC1B gene is involved in a chemical reaction (called phosphorylation) of a water-specific channel, regulating its ability to maintain water flow.

So, the amount of PPC1B enzyme present could modulate sweat production. 

Some people with certain changes in the PPC1B gene have altered enzyme activity and are more likely to sweat excessively.

PLB1 Gene and Excessive Sweating

The PLB1 gene contains instructions for the production of a membrane-associated phospholipase.

This enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lipids.

The PLB1 gene promotes the skin barrier function by the breakdown of lipids into free fatty acids.

It is also known to play a role in semen excretion.

So, researchers postulate that it can also modulate other secretory processes like sweating.

Another missense variant in the ABCC11 gene has been associated with hyperhidrosis for the first time in this study.

Previously, the same variant has been associated with dry versus wet earwax types and axillary osmidrosis - body odor.

Is Your Excessive Sweating Due to a Medical Condition?

If you are sweating more than you usually do, it may indicate an underlying health condition. 

Sweating can also be a sign of anxiety or stress. 

It can result from a physical illness, such as hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer. 

In some cases, excessive sweating may signify a mental health condition, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

When to See a Doctor?

• A sudden increase in sweating
• Increased sweating in one side of the body
• Night sweats
• Sweating all over the body

How’s Hyperhydrosis/Excessive Sweating Diagnosed?

Many people with hyperhidrosis may experience symptoms that overlap with other conditions, such as anxiety, stress, and depression. 

A doctor may need to perform a comprehensive physical exam and ask questions about your lifestyle and symptoms to identify hyperhidrosis. 

Many treatment options are available, including medications, sweat-releasing clothing, and surgery.

Two commonly used tests to diagnose excessive sweating

1. Starch iodine test: When applied over the body, starch turns brown whenever it interacts with sweat. This could indicate the amount of sweating. 
2. Vapometer: It is a device used to measure the amount of water that passively evaporates from the skin.

How’s Excessive Sweating Treated?

There are a variety of methods used to treat excessive sweating. 

The most common treatments are antiperspirants, medications, surgery, and botulinum toxin injections (BOTOX). 

1. Antiperspirants are the primary treatment for excessive sweating. 

They work by blocking the sweat glands and preventing the release of sweat. 

There are a variety of antiperspirants available, and stronger ones can be purchased over-the-counter or prescribed by a doctor. 

2. Medications can also help treat excessive sweating. 

Some medications work by curbing sweat production, while others work by cooling the body. 

Medications can be prescribed by a doctor or purchased over-the-counter. 

Please note that it is important to consult your medical practitioner before starting any medications. 

3. Botox injections are injected in small quantities into multiple areas on the underarm. 

This is an FDA-approved treatment. 

Studies also suggest that it can be used on other body parts too.

4. Surgery is another option for treating excessive sweating. 

Surgery is usually reserved for people who have not had success with other treatments.

The following surgeries can stop excessive sweating:

• Surgically remove sweat glands
• Sympathectomy - cutting or clamping of sympathetic nerve chain that runs up and down along your spine

Home Remedies for Excessive Sweating

1. Apple cider vinegar is a natural antiperspirant. 

It helps balance the pH levels in your sweat glands and prevents them from over-producing sweat. 

2. Salt scrubbing is another great way to reduce sweating. 

The salt helps to draw out toxins and moisture from the skin. 

3. A healthy diet can also help reduce sweating.

Water-dense fruits and vegetables (grapes, melons, oranges, eggplants, spinach, celery), foods rich in B-vitamins (pork, poultry, bananas, soya beans, peanuts), calcium (milk, kale, fortified soy products and cereals), and fiber (beans, whole grains, avocados, berries, broccoli), and green tea can help manage excessive sweating.

Other remedies include:

• Drinking lots of fluids.
• Taking cooling baths or showers.
• Using a humidifier.
• Wearing loose clothing.
• Using air-conditioners.
• Using cool sheets.

Summary

1. Hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating is a condition caused due to a multitude of factors like stress, anxiety, health issues, and certain medications.
2. Primary hyperhidrosis occurs in specific focal areas of the body, while secondary hyperhidrosis can occur all over the body and is caused due to certain medical conditions or medications.
3. Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and obesity are some health conditions that contribute to excessive sweating.
4. Certain genes that control water movement inside the body and bodily secretions influence the risk of excessive sweating.
5. Hyperhidrosis is diagnosed with a physical examination and certain tests like starch iodine and vapometer tests.
6. Treatment options for excessive sweating include antiperspirants, medications, botox injections, and surgery.
7. Certain dietary changes, topical application of apple cider vinegar and salt scrub, and wearing loose clothing can help curb sweating.

References

1. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/excessive-sweating
2. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/is-your-excessive-sweating-caused-by-a-medical-problem
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CB
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218429/
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5997657/
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151056
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150957/
8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27057547/
10. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hyperhidrosis-treatment
11. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hyperhidrosis-treatment-11

A Sneak-peek Into The Gene Skin Report

Abstract

Psoriasis is a global health problem prevalent among people of all ages, affecting 100 million individuals worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that a high-fat and high-sugar diet can lead to disruption in the gut's microbial community, contributing to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. Recent research shows that switching to a balanced diet can restore gut health and reduce inflammatory symptoms.

What is Psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes the skin cells to multiply faster than normal. This leads to an overgrowth of skin cells that leads to scaling on the skin's surface. The red, itchy, scaly patches are usually found on the elbows, scalp, knees, and lower back. Abnormalities in the immune system, emotional stress, blood pressure medications, hydroxychloroquine, and strep infections may trigger psoriasis.

Over time, 10-20 percent of affected individuals develop psoriatic arthritis, an inflammatory type of arthritis. It is associated with symptoms similar to arthritis-like joint pain, stiffness, swelling, etc.

The Link Between Food, Gut Microbiome, And Inflammation

Western diets include high intakes of red meats, processed foods, fatty foods, refined grains, potatoes, high sugar drinks, and low intakes of vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish, and whole grains. On the other hand, a balanced diet is a healthier option. It includes fresh vegetables and fruits, legumes, whole grains, lean proteins, and nuts. 

Previous studies show that a western diet characterized by high sugar and fat content leads to significant skin inflammation and psoriasis. 

Food is a major regulating factor of the microorganisms living in our intestines. Consuming a western diet can cause rapid change to this microbial community and its functions. This disruption in microbial balance contributes to gut inflammation. It also affects skin immunity, leading to skin inflammation. 

Influence of a diet switch on gut microbiota

A study led by Dr. Hwang and his team of researchers at UC Davis Health examined if switching to a balanced diet can restore the gut microflora and help reduce skin and joint inflammation. 

The team used mouse models to study the effect of diet on psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The researchers subjected the mice to the following:

• An initial western diet plan for six weeks.
• Interleukin-23 (IL-23) injection - IL23 is a protein generated by the immune cells responsible for inflammatory autoimmune reactions. It induces a response mimicking psoriasis-like skin and joint diseases in the mice.

The researchers then randomly divided the mice into two groups; one group continued the western diet for another four weeks, and the other group switched to a balanced diet for the same period.

The following were observed at the end of 10 weeks:

• Consuming a high-fat and high-sugar diet for ten weeks increased the risk of joint and skin inflammation in mice.
• Mice that switched to a balanced diet had reduced psoriasis-like symptoms than those that were continued on a western diet. 

The study also reported some additional findings

• A short-term western diet is sufficient to disrupt the microbial balance in the gut.
• The microbial imbalance leads to increased susceptibility to IL-23-mediated skin inflammation, illustrating a clear link between gut microbiome changes caused by diet and skin inflammation.
• The intestinal microbial community acts as a pathogenic link between diet and the symptoms of psoriatic inflammation. 
• Antibiotics block the effects of the western diet, reducing symptoms of joint and skin inflammation.
• A switch to a healthy diet could help reduce inflammatory symptoms associated with psoriasis and other similar diseases. 

Recommendations to improve gut health

• Consuming prebiotics and fermented foods can help boost beneficial bacteria. Research suggests that probiotics may help support healthy gut microflora and prevent gut inflammation and other intestinal problems.
• Consuming a low-sugar diet can help reduce gut microbe imbalance. 
• Keeping stress at bay can help with gut health. Studies have shown that stress can disrupt intestinal microorganisms.
• Research has shown that exercise helps improve gut microflora.
• Regular, good-quality sleep can help improve gut health. A study shows that proper sleep can help improve mood and gut health.  

Video

Summary

• A western diet characterized by high-sugar and high-fat intake can disrupt the gut's microbial community, contributing to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
• However, switching to a balanced diet can restore gut health and reduce inflammatory symptoms.
• Gut bacteria seem to play vital roles in causing inflammation. 
• The impact of the western diet on skin inflammation is short-lived and reversible. So, switching to a healthy balanced diet could help reduce inflammatory symptoms. 
• Individuals can maintain good gut health by following a healthy lifestyle and dietary choices.

References

• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210622161046.htm
• https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(21)00016-6/fulltext
• https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/understanding-psoriasis-basics
• https://www.healthline.com/health/balanced-diet#what-is-it
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pattern_diet
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532387/
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325293#avoid-taking-antibiotics
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25982560/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082611/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4029760/

Stretch marks: An Introduction

Striae distensae or stretch marks are scars that develop in the skin when it expands or shrinks. This puts excess pressure on the collagen and elastin that support the skin, ultimately causing breakage in them. This leads to the appearance of scars.

While stretch marks are not medically serious, they can bring down a person’s physical appearance. Women are at a higher risk of developing stretch marks than men.

Stretch marks commonly appear in the abdomen, breasts, shoulders, and thighs. In children experiencing growth spurts, you can see stretch marks in the thighs and buttocks, too.

What Do Stretch Marks Look Like?

Stretch marks start out as thin pink or pale-colored lines on the skin. As they develop, lines perpendicular to the skin tension start developing. These lines look slightly swollen and can turn pink or purple in color. Mature stretch marks are pale-white in color.

Are Stretch Marks Genetic?

ELN Gene and Stretch Marks

The ELN gene helps produce a type of protein called tropoelastin. Multiple copies of this protein join together to become elastin fibers. Certain variations in the ELN gene can affect the development of stretch marks.

The T allele of the rs7787362 SNP is associated with an increased risk for stretch marks.

FN1 Gene and Stretch Marks

The FN1 gene produces two types of proteins - cellular fibronectin-1 and plasma fibronectin-1. Plasma fibronectin-1 attaches itself to other proteins in the skin. This helps in strengthening the tissues and helps in tissue repair too. The A allele of the rs3910516 SNP is associated with an increased risk for stretch marks.

Non-genetic Influences on Stretch Marks

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the biggest non-genetic influence for stretch marks. About 90% of women develop stretch marks during pregnancy and continue handling it for the rest of their lives.
Women with larger abdominal areas and more weight gain during the pregnancy period develop severe striae distensae.

Overweight and Obesity

Up to 43% of people who are overweight and obese develop striae distensae in their lifetimes. The increase in weight puts more stress on the skin. As a result, it stretches it beyond its usual capacity, leading to stretch marks.

Cushing Syndrome

Cushing syndrome is a result of excess cortisol hormone in the body. Cortisol is an important hormone that reduces inflammation, regulates blood pressure, and helps the body handle stress.

Cortisol-based drugs are prescribed to handle inflammatory diseases and chronic pain. Sometimes, the body overproduces this hormone. This results in Cushing syndrome.

The main symptom of Cushing syndrome is the development of stretch marks (pink and purple lines) all over the breast, buttocks, abdomen, thighs, and shoulders.

Diseases

Diseases like anorexia nervosa, Marfan syndrome, and chronic liver diseases all lead to the development of stretch marks.

Corticosteroid Creams

Corticosteroid creams, lotions, and gels are prescribed to treat conditions like eczema, itching, dermatitis, and psoriasis. Corticosteroids can decrease the skin’s ability to stretch and cause stretch marks.

Breast Enlargement Surgery

Women opting for breast enlargement surgeries are at higher risk for developing stretch marks. Placing an implant under the breast skin causes it to stretch and cover the larger area. This can lead to the development of striae distensae.

Recommendations To Prevent and Manage Stretch Marks

Avoid Rapid Weight Gain and Weight Loss

Losing and gaining weight gradually will give your skin time to adjust to the new change and prevent the appearance of stretch marks.

Natural Remedies

Natural remedies work only in the initial stages of stretch marks and not on mature marks. Here are a few options you can try out.

• Massage vitamin A based topical creams (retinoids) on the marks
• Coconut oil can heal the scars in the skin and can prevent the initial stages of stretch marks from getting mature.
• Olive oil, almond oil, and vitamin E oils can improve skin’s appearance and can be used along with medically recommended topical products for stretch marks.

Dermatological and Cosmeceutical Creams, Lotions, and Gels

There are two ingredients in topical creams that seem to be effective.
Tretinoin
Hyaluronic acid
They are available as over-the-counter medications. These are also only most effective when applied as soon as you spot signs of stretch marks. As the marks get more mature, treating them is going to be difficult.

Microdermabrasion

Microdermabrasion is performed by an expert in a clinic setting. This involves removing the top layers of the skin to help finer and better skin grow back. Microdermabrasion can help bring down the intensity of striae distensae scars.

Chemical Peels

Chemical peels are being used widely to bring down the prominence of stretch marks. These peels remove the topmost or the subsequent layers of the skin and give a faded appearance to stretch marks. They cannot completely remove the marks, though. Regular chemical peel treatments can harm the skin.

As of now, there is no recommended treatment or lifestyle change that can completely remove stretch marks or prevent them from appearing.

Maintaining a healthy weight, keeping the skin moisturized and hydrated, and treating the early signs of stretch mark help.

Summary

1. Stretch marks or Striae distensae are scars that develop in the skin when skin rapidly stretches or shrinks. Stretching and shrinking cause breakage in the collagen and elastin in the skin, leading to the appearance of scars.
2. Fibronectin protein attaches to other proteins in the skin to maintain its rigidity. Changes in the FN1 gene (that produces fibronectin) can increase your risk for stretch marks.
3. Pregnancy, excessive weight gain or weight loss in minimal time, and conditions like Cushing syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and anorexia nervosa all result in the appearance of stretch marks.
4. The use of cortisol-based drugs and topical corticosteroid drugs also contribute to the risk of developing Striae distensae.
5. Women who have had breast enlargement surgeries also tend to develop stretch marks on and around the breasts.
6. Most natural remedies can prevent the maturing of stretch marks when caught early. Dermatological creams that contain hyaluronic acid and Tretinoin also work on only early marks.
7. As of now, no treatment has been able to completely remove the signs of stretch marks in the skin.

References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5181654/
https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/scars-stretch-marks/stretch-marks-why-appear
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6615396/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stretch-marks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351144
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1074868-treatment#d9
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436005/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23579949/

Xcode Life’s Gene Skin report targets genes associated with the risk of skin conditions and skin damage. This reports can help you understand your skin. The report also includes tips to modify your skincare routine according to your genetic type for healthier-looking skin.

Skin Genetics

Have you ever wondered about what controls the differences in human skin color; why your friend tans under the sun much faster than you do? The answer to these questions, in part, is due to genetics. Since each individual has a unique genetic makeup, following a generic skincare routine may not benefit you. Understanding your skin better means to develop a personalized skincare routine.

Gene Skin Report

The Gene Skin report profiles genes that have been shown to influence the risk for glycation, atopic dermatitis, UV sensitivity, stretch marks, and other skin-related traits.

The Summary Table in the report indicates your outcome for each trait.

Along with your outcome, the details of the genes analyzed for each trait are also provided. The report comes with personalized recommendations based on your results. These recommendations are to be followed only after consulting with your medical practitioner. You can click on “Learn More” for more information on each trait.

What are the traits covered in this report?

The report analyzes genes associated with 23 skin-related traits, including glycation, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, wrinkle and collagen degradation, stretch marks, acne, vitamin needs, and others. For a comprehensive list of the traits covered, click here. 

What is Acne?

Acne is a skin condition that causes whiteheads, blackheads, cysts, nodules, or pimples on the face, shoulders, neck, back, chest, and upper arms. Tiny holes in your skin called pores blocked by oil, dead skin cells, bacteria, and dirt result in acne. The most severe type of acne is a pimple. A pimple is a swollen, red, and painful bump on your skin.

Acne can occur at any age but is commonly found in teenagers during puberty. Around this age, the sebaceous glands, also called oil glands, are activated. These glands, present at the base of the hair follicles, produce oil and are stimulated by hormones produced by the adrenal glands in both males and females. Each hair follicle is at the base of an opening or pore. The oil secreted along with dead skills and bacteria block the pore and cause acne.

The most common skin condition in the U.S. is acne, which affects almost 50 million Americans every year, as reported by the American Academy of Dermatology.

Acne is not a life-threatening condition. It can be extremely painful, depending on how severe the condition is. Pimples can leave scars on the skin over time. Acne on your face can cause emotional distress if persistent for a long time. The earlier acne is treated, the better. Treatment can help reduce permanent scarring and reduce the amount of acne.

Signs of Acne

Signs and symptoms of acne vary depending on how severe the condition is.
- Blackheads that open on the surface of the skin
- Whiteheads that are just below the skin
- Papules - small red bump caused by inflamed hair follicles
- Pustules - small red bumps with pus at their tips
- Nodules - solid, red bumps beneath the skin surface
- Cysts that are solid, painful, pus-filled lesions below the skin

The Genetics Behind Acne

If both your parents have acne, you are at a higher risk of developing acne. Genetics determines how effectively your immune system can fight a bacteria called Propionibacterium acnes that is responsible for causing acne.

The FST Gene

The FST gene contains instructions for the production of a protein called follistatin. This protein inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormones.
Follistatin also inhibits a protein called TGFB2, which is involved in controlling acne. If more follistatin is produced, TGFB2 activity will be inhibited, and this, in turn, increases the development of acne and acne-causing bacteria.

rs38055
rs38055 is an SNP found in the FST gene. The A allele is the risk allele and can increase your risk of developing acne.

The TGFB2 Gene

The TGFB2 gene contains instructions for the production of a protein called transforming growth factor beta-2. This protein is important in all stages of life, from early development throughout life. It is involved in various cellular mechanisms for the proper growth and development of cells.

TGFB2 is also found to be involved in the growth and healing of skin by slowing down the production of keratinocytes, a type of skin cells. This clogs the skin and promotes the growth of acne-causing bacteria](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3857353/).

rs1159268
rs1159268 is an SNP found in the TGFB2 gene. The A allele causes a decrease in the production of TGFB2 protein, which increases the risk of acne.

Non-Genetic Factors that Influence Acne

Hormonal changes: These changes are common during puberty and pregnancy and lead to breakouts. Androgens, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in boys and girls, trigger the sebaceous glands to secrete more oil-containing fluid called sebum. This usually happens at puberty.

Age: Acne is most common in teenagers but occurs in people of all ages.

Diet: Certain food items like chips, carbohydrate-rich foods, refined sugars are found to worsen acne. Studies are being done to find the impact of a certain diet on acne.

Grease or oil: Acne can also develop when the skin comes into contact with lotions or cream that contain a lot of oil.

Stress: Stress is not a causative agent but can worsen acne.

Skin damage: Friction or pressure on the skin can also cause acne. Tight collars, helmets, backpacks can exert more pressure on your skin.

Medication:* Drugs that contain testosterone, lithium, or corticosteroids can cause acne.

How to Manage Acne?

Home remedies:
These can help treat mild acne at home and prevent more pimples.
- Use a mild soap to clean oil and dirt from the skin daily.
- Use oil-free makeup and remove it before going to bed. Makeup that’s water-based and labeled non-comedogenic ( not pore-clogging) can be used.
- Avoid touching your face frequently.
- Do not try to burst the pimple or poke it. This leads to scarring and more acne as it spreads the bacteria and excess oil.
- Shampoo your hair regularly, especially if you have oily hair.
- Reduce your stress to prevent worsening of acne.
- Wear loose-fitting clothing to manage acne present on the back and arms.
- Avoid sun exposure as it can lead to excess sebum secretion and sunburns.
- Avoid tanning under the sun and tanning beds.

Over-the-counter medication:
If self-care doesn’t help with your acne, certain OTC medications can be used. These include creams and gels that contain sulfur, benzoyl peroxide, or resorcinol. Washes or soaps that contain salicylic acid are also used. There are many acne creams, washes, soaps, masks, and serums available in the market.

Severe cases:
In severe cases of acne, where over-the-counter medications also don’t help, a doctor should be consulted. A doctor will prescribe certain medications or treatments to help manage your acne.

Medication: Oral or topical antibiotics are prescribed to reduce inflammation caused by bacteria. Certain topical creams that are stronger than OTC medication are also prescribed.

Treatment:
- Photodynamic therapy: Special light or laser along with medication is used to reduce oil production, kill bacteria, and improve scarring.
- Dermabrasion: Top layers of skin are removed with a rotating brush, and acne scarring is treated.
- Chemical peels: Can improve mild acne scarring and removes the damaged top layers of skin.
- Cortisone injections: Used for acne that consists of large cysts. It helps reduce inflammation and speeds the healing process.

Summary

1. Acne is caused by excess oil, bacteria, dirt, and dead skin cells blocking the pores present on the skin. Pimples, whiteheads, blackheads, cysts, nodules, pustules, and papules are different types of acne found on the skin or beneath the surface.
2. The severity of the condition determines how painful it can get. Acne can cause emotional distress if persistent.
3. The FST and TGFB2 genes are known to increase your risk for acne. Both these genes influence oil production in the body.
4. Certain factors like age, hormonal changes, stress, diest, and medication can worsen acne.
5. Depending on the severity of acne, home remedies or over-the-counter medications can be used to treat it. For severe cases, a consult with a dermatologist is advised.

References

https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/acne
https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/skin-care/tips
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/107146
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080563/
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5020
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16484821/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16484821/

What is the Relationship Between Vitamin B2 and Skin?

Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is an essential nutrient needed for human health. It is one of the eight B vitamins. All the B vitamins are important for maintaining healthy skin. Vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin. Being a water-soluble vitamin, it can be excreted out of the body easily. Your body only stores a small amount of riboflavin, and hence, you need to include riboflavin in your diet every day.

Vitamin B2 and Health

Vitamin B2 plays a role in
- Maintaining tissues
- Energy metabolism
- Secretion of mucus that prevents dryness induced oil secretion that leads to acne
- Absorption of zinc, which is essential for the skin
- Maintaining the structural integrity of the skin
- Protects cells from oxidative damage
- Maintenance of red blood cells
- Keeping the skin healthy

Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin B2

The recommended daily intake of vitamin B2 is as follows:
For adults
1.3 mg for healthy men
1.1 mg for healthy women
1.4 mg for pregnant women
1.6 mg for lactating women

For children
0.3 mg for infants up to 6 months
0.4 mg for infants between 6-12 months
0.5 mg for 1-3-year-old children
0.6 mg for 4-8-year-old children
0.9 mg for 9-13-year-old children
1.3 mg for 14-18-year-old males
1.0 mg for 14-18-year-old females

Vitamin B2 deficiency is not very common in the US as most of the food items like milk and whole-grain cereals, which are widely consumed, contain good levels of vitamin B2.

The Genetics Behind Vitamin B2 and Skin

People with certain genetic types may need more vitamin B2 due to the inefficient transport in their bodies. Certain genes can help determine your risk for vitamin deficiency.

The MTHFR Gene

The MTHFR gene produces an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. This enzyme is involved in the methylation cycle. MTHFR activates 5, 10-methylene TetraHydroFolate(THF) to 5-methyl THF, and this is needed for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

This protein is also involved in the conversion of folate to SAMe, which is involved in the methylation of DNA as it is the universal methylation donor. The methylation cycle is essential for various functions in the body.

Vitamin B2 is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine along with Vitamin B1. Vitamin B2 deficiency can lead to high levels of homocysteine, which is a harmful amino acid.

rs1801133
rs1801133 is an SNP found in the MTFHR gene.It is also referred to as C677T. The T allele decreases enzyme activity, with only a 10-20% efficiency in folate processing and leads to high levels of 0f homocysteine in the body.

Non-Genetic Factors that Influence Vitamin B2 levels

• Poor diet
• Older adults and pregnant women require a higher intake of vitamin B2 and are at more risk of vitamin deficiency.
• People with certain conditions like HIV, celiac diseases, Crohn’s disease, and alcoholism are at a higher risk of deficiency as their body cannot absorb vitamin B effectively.

Impact of Vitamin B2 Deficiency on Skin

Vitamin B2 deficiency can lead to
- Cracked lips
- Itching of skin
- Scrotal Dermatitis
- Inflammation of mouth lining
- Inflammation of the tongue
- Scaly skin

How to Manage Your Vitamin B2 Intake?

Certain food items contain vitamin B2. These include:
- Eggs
- Kidney and liver meat, lean meats
- Green vegetables like broccoli and spinach
- Cereals, grains, and bread
- Milk and yogurt
- Lima beans and peas
- Avocados
- Artichokes
- Nuts

Riboflavin is water-soluble. While cooking food, especially boiling, vitamin content may reduce. Make sure to include a daily supply of vitamin B2-rich foods to keep your skin healthy. A balanced diet is always important to keep your skin and other parts of the body healthy.

Your doctor may prescribe certain vitamin B2 supplements to overcome your deficiency apart from your diet.

Summary

1. Vitamin B2 is an essential nutrient needed for the body. As it is a water-soluble vitamin, it cannot be easily stored in the body. It needs to be supplemented through diet.
2. Vitamin B2 plays a major role in keeping the skin healthy, maintaining its structural integrity, secretion of mucus to prevent acne due to dryness, and other functions in the body also.
3. Vitamin B2 deficiency is linked to higher levels of homocysteine in the blood.
4. The T allele of rs1801133, an SNP found in the MTHFR gene, leads to higher homocysteine and folate levels because of decreased enzyme activity.
5. Pregnant women, older adults, and people with certain conditions are at a higher risk of Vitamin B2 deficiency. A poor diet can also lead to deficiency.
6. A balanced diet with a rich source of vitamins can help reduce the risk of deficiency and keep your skin healthy.

References

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219561
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470460/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322900
https://www.healthline.com/health/symptoms-of-vitamin-b-deficiency
https://www.bebeautiful.in/all-things-skin/everyday/benefits-of-vitamin-b-complex
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/

Collagen Degradation and Wrinkles: An Introduction

The skin is the largest visible organ of the body affected by internal changes (genetics and metabolism) and external factors (UV radiation, pollution).

Collagen is a protein that is a part of all the connective tissues in the human body. Collagen is found in the skin, muscles, ligaments, and even bones.

About 35% of the entire protein content in an adult’s body is made up of collagen.

The three main functions of collagen include:
- Giving structure to tissues
- Repairing damaged tissues (skin renewal)
- Keeping skin supple and strong

What is Collagen Degradation?

Collagen degradation or collagen loss is a condition where a person loses essential collagen components in the body. There can be many reasons for collagen degradation. Some of them include:

• Natural aging
• Free radical damage
• Excessive use of tobacco
• Excessive exposure to UV rays
• Intake of excess sugar

When the collagen in the body decreases, it results in the skin losing its elasticity and suppleness. The thickness of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) reduces too. The skin sags and gets easily damaged. One of the major signs of collagen degradation is the formation of wrinkles.

Wrinkle Formation

Wrinkles are creases, folds, and lines that form on the skin, making smooth skin look saggy and wrinkled. Wrinkles are also called rhytide. Wrinkles are very common in the elderly. Thanks to unhealthy lifestyles and environmental factors like UV exposure and pollution, people lose the collagen content in their skin early on and develop wrinkles.

With the right amount of collagen in the skin, broken or injured collagen and elastic fibers are regenerated quickly, and the skin maintains the same smooth and supple texture. Because of collagen degradation, such broken and injured fibers are replaced by altered fibers that are not the right fit. This is termed misrepair.

Generally, the original fiber gets regenerated in its place. For people with collagen degradation, a long collagen fiber is replaced in that position. Long fibers do not shrink back into their original state, and hence your skin loses its ability to stretch and shrink smoothly and forms wrinkles.

Importance of Collagen

• Collagen gives your skin elasticity and makes it taut and supple. The right amount of collagen can keep wrinkles at bay.
• Collagen is known to prevent joint pain and postpone the development of arthritis.
• According to a study, foods rich in collagen tripeptide can stabilize cholesterol and bring down the risks for cardiovascular diseases.

Genetics and Wrinkle & Collagen Degradation

STXBP5L Gene

The STXBP5L gene helps produce the binding protein called Syntaxin-binding protein 5. This is also called Tomosyn, which is the Japanese word for ‘friend.’ This protein plays an important role in photoaging.

A genome-wide study that analyzed the signs of skin aging in 502 caucasian women identified that the severity of wrinkles and other signs of aging increase as the women grow older.

The study also concluded that the T allele of the rs322458 SNP in the STXBP5L gene is beneficial in bringing down the risks of aging signs, including collagen degeneration and formation of wrinkles

MMP1 Gene

The MMP1 gene produces a protein that helps in breaking down collagen for everyday development. The 2G/2G genotype of the rs1799750 SNP of this gene results in a higher breakdown of collagen, leading to collagen degradation. This results in the formation of wrinkles and other signs of aging

Non-genetic Influences Causing Collagen Degradation And Wrinkles

UV Exposure

UV rays are of three types - UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C rays. The UV-C rays have short wavelengths and do not reach the skin’s surface. Both UV-A and UV-B rays can reach all the layers of the skin.

UV exposure is the cause of 80% of aging signs.

UV rays promote the development of free radicals in the skin. These free radicals can damage collagen and elastin fibers. Continuous damage to the collagen fibers results in the skin becoming loose, saggy, and wrinkled.

Skin Color

People with fair skin are more affected by UV rays than those with darker skin. This also increases the risk of collagen degradation and the formation of wrinkles.

Age

As you age, your body produces lesser amounts of collagen and elastin fibers. This naturally leads to collagen degradation and wrinkles.

Smoking

A study analyzed the effects of smoking on the formation of wrinkles. 160 smokers, 67 individuals who had smoked in the past, and 123 non-smokers were chosen for the study. The study showed that people who smoked had a higher degree of facial wrinkling than those who did not smoke. Nicotine in cigarettes damage collagen and elastin and leads to the formation of wrinkles.

Collagen Glycation

The accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in the skin results from excess sugar consumption, natural aging, and diabetes. More AGEs in the skin increase the chances of degradation of collagen.

Vitamin C Deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency is known to bring down collagen production in the body.

Recommendations To Improve Collagen Production And Prevent Wrinkling

Nutritious Diet

Make sure you include fresh vegetables, fruits, and greens in plenty in your diet. All these are antioxidant-rich and prevent free radicals from affecting collagen fibers. Fruits and vegetables that are rich in vitamin C also help fight collagen degradation.

Below is a list of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.
- Onions, garlic, leeks
- Berries
- Grapes
- Pumpkin
- Mangoes
- Apricots
- Spinach
- Parsley
- Eggplants

Some vitamin C-rich foods include:
- Red pepper
- Oranges
- Lemon
- Lime
- Grapefruit
- Kiwi
- Brussels sprouts
- Broccoli
- Cantaloupe

Quit Smoking

Stay away from both active and passive smoking to make sure your skin stays taut and smooth for a longer time.

Sunscreens and Protective Aids

Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen that has a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 30 or higher. If you are staying out in the sun, reapply every 3-4 hours. Use protective gear like hats, gloves, and umbrellas to keep away harmful UV rays from falling directly on your skin.

Consider Collagen Supplements

If your skin has already started showing signs of wrinkles and collagen loss, consider collagen supplements. Collagen supplements can be had orally or applied on the skin as topical solutions.

Retinol OTC Products

Retinol is also called Vitamin A. Retinol Over-the-Counter skincare products can be used to boost collagen production in the skin. Retinols, along with vitamin C, are very effective in preventing wrinkles and collagen degradation.

Dermatological Treatments

Dermatological treatments like micro-needling, laser therapy, chemical peels, and radiofrequency are all created to improve collagen production in the skin. Each of these treatments comes with its own benefits and side effects. It’s important to be wary of the side effects and costs of the treatment before opting for it.

Summary

1. Collagen degradation is the loss of collagen proteins in the body. Collagen loss affects all parts of the body, including the skin.
2. Collagen degradation can cause skin problems like sagging of skin, loss of skin thickness, and wrinkles.
3. Wrinkles are creases and lines that form in the skin because of the loss of collagen. Wrinkles are one of the first signs of skin aging.
4. Aging causes collagen degradation and wrinkles. Factors like free radical damage, tobacco use, exposure to UV rays, and glycation can all accelerate collagen loss.
5. Certain genetic variations in the STXBP5L and MMP1 genes have been associated with collagen degradation
6. Including antioxidant-rich foods, staying away from all kinds of tobacco, using sunscreens regularly, and trying out vitamin C and retinol-based skincare products can all help improve collagen production naturally.
7. Dermatological processes like micro-needling, chemical peeling, and laser therapies aim to improve collagen production and bring down signs of wrinkles.

References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/collagen-degradation
https://www.intechopen.com/books/molecular-mechanisms-of-the-aging-process-and-rejuvenation/molecular-mechanisms-of-skin-aging-and-rejuvenation
https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/skin-elasticity#takeaway
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Collagen-Degradation-Pathways-in-Humans.aspx
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11340-007-9105-1

What is Atopic Dermatitis?

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that makes skin itchy, swollen, and red. In the US, about 16.5 million adults and 9.6 million children have AD.

AD is also called atopic eczema. In children, it usually first appears between ages 3 to 6 months. About 90% of people with AD start showing the symptoms before five years of age.

In people with AD, the immune system starts attacking the healthy skin cells, causing excessive dryness and itching. There are many contributors to AD - genetic, environmental, and stress-related.

For infants and young children, the whole body gets affected by AD. As children get older, dryness and itch are noticed on the elbows and the insides of the knees. For adults, the signs are mostly seen in the hands and feet.

What Causes AD?

AD is not a contagious disease, and thus it does not spread on contact. Doctors believe that there are more numbers of inflammatory cells in the skin of people with AD. AD individuals have a weaker skin barrier than normal people, and this makes their skin very sensitive.

Excessive dryness in the skin allows the entry of allergens and irritants into the skin’s surface, and this can also cause AD.

Here are some of the common triggers that make atopic dermatitis worse in those already living with the condition.
- Hot showers
- Long showers
- Living in dry and cold climates
- Using harsh chemical products on the skin
- Exposure to fabrics like wool and cheap synthetics
- Excessive workouts
- Stress

Commonly Observed Signs Of AD

• Scaly patches on the skin
• Darker and lighter spots on the skin
• Discolored skin
• Skin turning leathery
• Extreme dryness
• Itchy skin
• Redness in skin
• Rashes on the hands, feet, and face (especially around the eyes)

Is Atopic Dermatitis Genetic?

FLG Gene and AD Risk

Filaggrin is important for the structure of the skin’s outermost layer, the epidermis. It also helps improve the skin’s barrier. Filaggrin is important in locking moisture in the skin and keeping it hydrated.

About 30% of people with atopic dermatitis have a lowered production of filaggrin.

The FLG gene produces profilaggrin, which in turn produces filaggrin. Changes in the FLG gene can cause lowered filaggrin production, which increases the risk of AD.

Abnormal changes or mutations in the FLG gene cause an increased risk for AD.

The T allele of the rs150597413 SNP and the rs558269137 SNP of the FLG gene causes an increased risk of developing Ichthyosis Vulgaris. This condition causes dry and scaly skin and is associated with AD too.

CARD11 Gene and AD Risk

The CARD11 gene helps make proteins involved in the healthy functioning of the immune system, especially in the functioning of the T and B cells. The G allele of rs4722404 increases the chances of developing atopic dermatitis.

Non-genetic Influences On AD Risk

1. Location: People living in places with low humidity and extremely cold winters are more prone to developing atopic dermatitis.
2. Asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever): People with conditions like asthma are hay fever seem to be at a higher risk for developing atopic dermatitis. The reverse relationship also appears to be true.
3. Limited exposure to microorganisms in childhood: Modern-day infants and children are more protected from all kinds of microorganisms. This also includes limited exposure to microorganisms like helminth and gut flora that are actually important in developing a stronger immune system. This condition is called the hygiene hypothesis and could be a possible reason for increasing AD in children.
4. Stress: While stress does not cause AD, it certainly aggravates the symptoms and makes it difficult to manage the itch and inflammation.

The Effects of AD

Moderate cases of AD may not lead to any obvious effects on health. Severe cases may result in the following:
- Extreme itching leading to skin breakouts that lead to sores and cracks
- Pus formation on the skin’s surface
- Increased risk of skin infections
- Inability to sleep because of constant itching
- Development of skin cysts/knots
- Liquid oozing from the skin’s surface
- Psychological issues including depression, anxiety, and feeling of isolation.

Recommendations To Manage/Prevent AD

• Keep your skin moisturized: Moisturization is vital to keep the AD symptoms from flaring up. Pick up effective moisturizers and use them twice a day.
• Avoid hot water showers: It is recommended that people with AD don’t take hot water showers. Short warm showers are preferable when the weather is cold.
• Limit your bathing time: Get out of the shower in 5-10 minutes. Prolonged showers can flare up the symptoms of AD.
• Try a bleach bath: Adding a small amount of bleach in your bathtub can help relieve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
• Use natural/sensitive laundry detergents: Switch over to natural detergents or those designed for sensitive skin.
• Wash new clothes before using them: Make sure you pre-wash new clothes before letting them touch the skin.
• Eat healthy and fresh food: People consuming more vegetables, fruits, and healthy grains have decreased symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
  Similarly, those who consume excessive fast food had increased symptoms of AD.
• Bring down your body weight: Increased body weight during childhood increases the risk of developing AD. Stay within healthy BMI levels.

Summary

1. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin.
2. AD causes itching, redness in the skin, skin breakouts, excessive dryness, and pain. In the United States, one in every ten adults has atopic dermatitis.
3. 90% of the cases of atopic dermatitis are diagnosed within five years of age. AD is a result of more inflammatory cells in the skin and a lowered skin barrier.
4. The FLG and CARD11 genes are amongst the biggest genetic contributors to AD. Certain SNPs in these genes have been associated with the increased risk of developing AD.
5. Other causes of atopic dermatitis are low humid climates, obesity, conditions like hay fever and asthma, and lowered exposure to good microorganisms in childhood.
6. Keeping the skin moisturized, preventing hot water showers, using mild laundry detergents, eating healthy and fresh food, and maintaining healthy BMI levels all help keep the condition manageable.

References

https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/symptoms
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.12270
https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/self-care
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.12270
https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/
https://www.healthline.com/health/atopic-dermatitis/what-is-atopic-dermatitis#Outlook
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/flg/#conditions