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What Is Breast Cancer Prognosis?

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the developed and developing world. Breast cancer cases have a good prognosis if detected and treated early. 

Prognosis refers to the outlook or chance of recovery from a disease. It is an estimate of the likely course and outcome of a disease - breast cancer, in this case. This includes the likelihood of recurrence and life expectancy. 

Breast cancer prognosis is based on observing large groups of people affected by the condition over the years. It can be qualitative and described as excellent, good, or poor. It can also be quantitative in the form of survival rates or hazard ratios.

What Is Cancer Survival Rate?

The survival rate is determined by observing several people affected with breast cancer for many years, usually five or ten years. Survival rates are a key part of cancer prognosis. It indicates the percentage of people alive after a certain period of time, usually five years, after they were diagnosed. 

Survival rates can help give you a better understanding of how successful your treatment may be. Two main survival rates used in breast cancer cases include 

According to the National Cancer Institute, 90 percent of women with breast cancer survive five years after diagnosis, regardless of the stage. This indicates a 90% five-year survival rate - 90 out of 100 people diagnosed with breast cancer are likely to be alive after five years. 

What Is Hazard Ratio?

Another parameter used to determine prognosis in cancer patients is the hazard ratio. Hazard ratios are used to measure survival in a group of patients who have been given a specific treatment in a clinical trial setting. 

The patient group is compared with the control group, who are given a placebo, a treatment with no therapeutic value. 

Hazard ratio can either be equal to, lesser than, or greater than one. 

No difference in survival between the two groups receiving different treatment is denoted by a hazard ratio of 1. 

A value greater than or lesser than one indicates better survival in one of the treatment groups. 

Understanding Prognosis

Prognosis in terms of survival rates or hazard ratio is just an estimate based on previous outcomes of large groups of people with specific cancer. Every case is unique, and the survival rate is not a very accurate prediction of a specific person’s prognosis. 

The statistics can be confusing and alarming in some cases. Talk to your doctor about these statistics, how they apply in your case, and what you can do about it for better clarity. 

The prognosis for breast cancer survivors and their survival depends on many factors. This can be assessed only by a qualified physician familiar with the medical history, response to treatment, type and stage of cancer, and cancer-specific characteristics. 

How Genes Influence Breast Cancer Prognosis

A family history of breast cancer increases the individual’s risk of developing breast cancer. Genetics also influences breast cancer prognosis. Changes in certain genes may be responsible for the considerable differences in survival among breast cancer patients. 

The RAD51B Gene 

The RAD51B gene contains instructions for the production of a protein involved in DNA repair. Along with other proteins of this family, the RAD51B protein is involved in repairing damaged DNA. Changes in this gene can disrupt the DNA repair process and influence breast cancer prognosis. 

rs3784099 

rs3784099 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the RAD51B gene. Carriers of the A allele are found to have lesser survival time and unfavorable prognosis.

Non-Genetic Factors

Apart from genetic factors, your doctor will consider several other factors to determine prognosis, including:

Recommendations to Improve Breast Cancer Prognosis

The statistics, survival rates, and hazard ratio values can be confusing. A doctor familiar with your medical history can help interpret breast cancer prognosis based on genetic and non-genetic factors. Certain ways to improve the prognosis of breast cancer include

Getting sufficient sleep: Breast cancer survivors need about 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night. In a study conducted by researchers from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, women who slept for a period of 5 hours or less every night before being diagnosed with breast cancer had a 1.5 times higher likelihood of poor prognosis when compared with women who slept for 7 to 9 hours every night.

Regular exercise: Regular exercise improves prognosis; however, it might not be possible for everyone to exercise daily during the treatment. According to a study conducted by researchers at The University of California-San Diego Moores Cancer Center, a 12-week exercise program increased information processing speed by 2 times. This indicates cognitive benefits of exercise; however, the benefit is obtained only when the exercise program starts within 2 years of being diagnosed with breast cancer.

Alternate or Complementary Therapy: In North America, nearly 80% of breast cancer survivors depend on complementary therapy to cope with breast cancer. The most sought-after therapy is yoga. 

Yoga has been shown to reduce fatigue, improve sleep quality, physical functioning, and overall quality of life.

Lifestyle: Try to moderate or avoid smoking and alcohol consumption as these are risk factors for many types of cancer and may result in an unfavorable prognosis. Eat a healthy and balanced diet to maintain a healthy weight. 

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Summary 

  1. Breast cancer, the most common cancer in women in the developed and developing world, has a good prognosis if detected and treated early. 
  2. Prognosis is an estimate of the likely course and outcome of a disease. It can be understood as the outlook or chance of recovery from breast cancer. 
  3. Prognosis can be indicated using survival rates or hazard ratios. The 5-year survival rate of women with breast cancer is found to be 90%.
  4. Hazard ratios are used to measure survival in a group of patients who have been given a specific treatment in a clinical trial setting. The hazard ratio is denoted by a value equal to, less than, or greater than 1. 
  5. Certain changes in genes like the RAD51B are found to influence breast cancer prognosis. 
  6. Medical history, response to treatment, the type, stage, and grade of cancer, other specific characteristics of cancer, and menopausal status are the non-genetic factors that influence breast cancer prognosis. 
  7. Getting sufficient sleep, doing yoga, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight are some of the ways that can help improve breast cancer prognosis. 

References

What is Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer? 

Estrogen is the female sex hormone responsible for the growth, development, and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex organs. 

The cells that respond to this hormone contain proteins that bind to it and bring about the required effect. These proteins are known as estrogen receptors and are found in female reproductive tissues and cancer cells. 

Breast cancers that grow in response to estrogen due to the presence of estrogen receptors are known as estrogen receptor-positive or ER-positive breast cancer. 

These cancers grow slower than ER-negative cancers and account for 80% of all breast cancers. 

They also have better treatment outcomes in the short term but tend to relapse after years of treatment.

Testing For Hormone Receptors In Breast Cancer

In ER-positive cancers, the growth of cancer cells is estrogen-dependent. 

So, hormone therapy drugs can be used to lower estrogen levels in the body or prevent estrogen from affecting breast cancer cells.

 Knowing the hormone receptor status of breast cancers can help doctors figure out the ideal treatment plan for the patient. 

Risk For Er Positive Cancers: Genetic Factors

The BRCA Genes

Women who are carriers of the BRCA1 gene mutations are more likely to develop ER-positive breast cancer as they age. 

10-36% of breast cancer cases in people with BRCA1 gene mutations are ER-positive breast cancers.

According to a study, most women with BRCA2 mutations develop ER-positive breast cancer and the treatment outcome for these women may be poorer than BRCA2 carriers having ER-negative breast cancer.

The CYP19A1 Gene

Estrogen exposure plays a significant role in breast cancer. The CYP19A1 or Cytochrome P-450, family 19, subfamily A, contains instructions for the production of aromatase, an enzyme that regulates the final step in the production of estrogen in the body. 

Abnormal changes in the CYP19A1 gene are significantly associated with different levels of circulating estrogens

Treatment with Aromatase inhibitor drugs that suppress estrogen production yield better outcomes in ER-positive breast cancer patients with mutations in their  CYP19A1 gene. 

The ESR1 Gene

The ESR1 gene contains instructions for the production of estrogen receptor alpha (a type of estrogen receptor). 

Certain changes in the ESR1 gene increase the resistance of cancer cells to hormonal therapy, the standard treatment plan for ER-positive cancers.

Non-genetic Factors

- Age: Older women tend to have a higher amount of estrogen receptors, increasing their risk for ER-positive breast cancer.

- Lifetime exposure to estrogen: Women who begin menstruating early, attain menopause late, or do not have children are at a higher risk of ER-positive breast cancer due to longer lifetime exposure to estrogen.

- Alcohol consumption: Alcohol can increase the levels of estrogen and other hormones associated with ER-positive breast cancer. It increases the likelihood of developing ER-positive breast cancer.

- Hormone treatment post-menopause: Women who take hormone therapy after menopause are more likely to develop ER-positive breast cancer.

- Higher BMI (Body Mass Index): Obesity amplifies the risk for ER-positive breast cancer because adipose tissue acts as the major reservoir for estrogen production after menopause.

- History of Breast Lesions: Women with a history of benign growing breast lesions have an increased risk of ER-positive breast cancer.

Recommendations To Reduce Risk Of ER-positive Breast Cancer

Diet

Some foods like soya, red meat, and dairy have chemicals that function like estrogens. 

For this reason, individuals with a high risk of ER-positive breast cancer must avoid them. 

They can instead include cancer-fighting foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables (apples, blueberries, asparagus, carrots, tomatoes, etc.), foods rich in fiber (whole grains, oats, etc.), and healthy fats like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. 

If you are at high risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer, you must reduce your body fat and limit or completely avoid saturated fats, alcohol, and red meat. 

Exercise

Physical activity and regular exercise reduce ER-positive breast cancer risk.

Drugs

Aromatase-inhibitor drugs are effective in preventing ER-positive breast cancer.

Note: Aromatase inhibitors should be consumed only upon your medical practitioner's advice. 

BRCA Screening

A BRCA genetic test can help find out your risk for ER-positive breast cancer. Routine breast cancer screening is recommended for those found to be at high risk based on their genetic profile.

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Summary

  1. Breast cancers that grow in response to estrogen are known as Estrogen Receptor-positive or ER-positive breast cancers.
  2. ER-positive breast cancers are more common and constitute around 80% of all diagnosed breast cancer cases.
  3. Hormone therapy and drugs like Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are used to treat ER-Positive breast cancers.
  4. Abnormal changes in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, CYP1A1, and ESR1 are associated with an increased risk of developing ER-positive cancer and a poorer prognosis.
  5. A few non-genetic factors that increase one's risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer include older age (above 50), longer lifetime exposure to estrogen, alcohol consumption, higher BMI, and history of benign breast lesions.
  6. You can reduce your risk of ER-positive breast cancer by following a healthy diet loaded with fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, and going for regular screenings.

References:

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 685,000 lost their lives globally in 2020. 

As of 2020, 7.8 million women have been diagnosed with breast cancer and are alive in the last five years.

Breast cancer survivors are at risk for different health conditions - fatigue, mental health issues, and breast cancer recurrence - to name a few. They must also be aware of the higher risk they carry for developing a second non-breast cancer. 

People who have had breast cancer in the past are at higher risk for developing  other types of cancers, including:

A 2006 study collected data from 13 different cancer registries in places like Singapore, Canada, Australia, and Europe. The study analyzed the data of 525,527 women and followed them for 10+ years.

According to the study, when compared to women who did not have a history of breast cancer, women with past or present breast cancer had:

Another study analyzed the risk of Secondary Non Breast Cancers (SNBCs) in 58,068 Dutch women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1989 and 2003. According to the study, women who had breast cancer in the past had a small but significant risk for developing esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectum cancer, uterus cancer, ovarian cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Genetic Factors Influencing Risk For Breast And Other Cancer

The BRCA1 Gene 

The BRCA1 gene (BRCA1, DNA repair associated gene) produces a tumor suppressor protein. This protein is considered beneficial as it hinders uncontrolled cell division, thereby lowering cancer risk. 

Abnormal changes (or variations) in this gene can lead to low or no production of the tumor suppressor protein and increase one’s risk for developing cancers. 

A study reported that  BRCA1 variations lead to breast and ovarian cancers and also increase the risk of other cancers like colon cancer (11.1%), pancreatic cancer (3.6%), and gastric cancer (5.5%).

The BRIP1 Gene 

The BRIP1 gene (BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1) contains instructions for producing a protein that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. 

Abnormal changes in this gene result in lower production of this protein, which increases the risk of many types of cancers. Cancers associated with variations in this gene are:

The PALB2 Gene 

The PALB2 gene (Partner And Localizer Of BRCA2 gene) contains instructions for producing a protein that works with the BRCA2 protein to repair damaged DNA and suppress tumor growth. Abnormal changes in this gene affect the ability of the BRCA2 gene to prevent tumor cell formation. 

Apart from breast cancer,  this gene is associated with the risk for:

The CHEK2 Gene  

The CHEK2 gene (Checkpoint kinase 2) is also a tumor suppressor gene and produces a kinase enzyme protein called CHK2. 

Abnormal changes in this gene increase the risk of developing breast cancer by two times. It also increases the risk of:

The PTEN Gene  

The PTEN gene produces an enzyme that acts as a tumor suppressor. Almost all tissues in the body have this enzyme in specific quantities. This enzyme prevents the abnormal division of cells by encouraging self-destruction (a process called apoptosis) of these cells. In people with past or present breast cancer diagnoses, variations in this gene can result in an increased risk of:

Non-Genetic factors

Exposure To Radiation

One of the main non-genetic factors that increase a person’s risk of developing other cancers is radiation exposure

There are three basic radiotherapy treatment solutions for breast cancer.

1. Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT)

2. Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)

3. Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)

Many studies report a higher risk of second cancer because of radiation exposure. 

A large study analyzed the risk of second cancers in 46,176 breast cancer survivors. According to the study, one out of 200 women who had received radiation therapy for breast cancer had a higher risk of being diagnosed with other cancers.

Type of Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses various drugs to kill abnormally growing tumor cells in the body. It is the most common treatment option for cancer.

Some types of chemo drugs given during breast cancer treatment are associated with an increased risk for developing other types of cancers. 

Chemo agents that are linked with second cancer risks are:

Patients who go through chemotherapy for a longer time or get treated with higher doses of drugs are at a higher risk of developing other cancers. 

Age

While patients who had exposure to radiation therapy and chemotherapy were at higher risk for developing second non-breast cancers, people under the age of 40 who received these treatments were at more risk than the elderly who received treatment.

Smoking

Smoking increases the risk of breast cancer and all other cancers. Smokers diagnosed with breast cancer are at higher risk for developing other cancers in the future when compared to non-smokers.

 A 1994 study tried to find the relationship between smoking, breast cancer, radiation therapy, and the risk of second cancers. According to the study, radiation therapy for breast cancer increased the risk of developing other cancers in smokers and non-smokers. However, in smokers, this risk was much higher.

Recommendations To Bring Down The Risk Of Breast And Other Cancers

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing can be a good aid for treatment planning and risk management if:

Genetic testing will look for specific genes that can increase your risk for breast and other cancers. It will tell you if you are at higher risk for second cancer. In case you belong to the high-risk category, regular screening can help you.

Analyze The Risks In Your Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy Procedures 

Talk to your doctor about the dosage and type of chemotherapy and radiation treatment you will be receiving for your breast cancer. Some treatments may increase your risk for breast cancer than others.

Adopt Healthy Habits

Some lifestyle changes can lower your risk of developing cancer.

Do Not Fear

The fear of breast cancer recurrence and the fear of developing second cancers can lead to high stress. Stress causes abnormal changes in the cells and can be a cause for cancer recurrence. Fear and stress lead to unwanted behaviors like alcohol abuse, smoking, and excessive eating. All these also increase the risk of developing other cancers. Practicing mindfulness and talking to a mental health expert might help you in controlling stress. 

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Summary

  1. Breast cancer is associated with a higher risk of developing a second non-breast cancer. 
  2. Certain types of cancer like stomach cancer, colon cancer, uterus cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) can develop after a breast cancer diagnosis.
  3. Both genetic and non-genetic influences increase a breast cancer survivor’s risk for developing other types of cancers.
  4. Abnormal changes in genes like the CHEK2, BRCA1, PTEN, ATM, and TP53 can increase the risk of breast and other cancers. 
  5. Non-genetic factors like age, radiation exposure, the intensity of chemotherapy, and lifestyle habits like smoking also increase the risk of developing second non-breast cancers.
  6. A genetic test can tell you if you are at risk for developing a second non-breast cancer after a breast cancer diagnosis.
  7. Following a healthy lifestyle, keeping away fear, and choosing the right radiation and chemotherapy procedures can help bring down the risk of second cancer considerably. 

References

How Does Night Shift Work Impact Health?

Did you know that our ancestors were nocturnal? They used to stay awake in the night to hunt without worrying about dangerous predators and sleep during the day. Now, our circadian rhythms are lined up with the sun. That's why as soon as the sun sets, our bodies start getting ready for rest, and we end up feeling sleepy.

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that coordinate essential mental and physical functions, such as sleep and hunger. The circadian clock is regulated by a part of the brain called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN). 

The circadian clock is also influenced by temperature. When the body temperature drops around the afternoon and late evening, it induces drowsiness and sleep. 

Sleep is induced by a hormone called melatonin, which is produced in low-light conditions. Bright light conditions during the day suppress melatonin production and promote wakefulness.

People who work the night shift have disrupted circadian rhythm and have an increased risk for the following conditions:

Working the night shift is carcinogenic to humans, according to multiple studies conducted the world over. 

Several studies show that disruption in the night’s sleep can reduce melatonin levels and increase the risk of tumor growth.

Night Shift Work—A Risk Factor for Breast Cancer

Some animal studies have shown that exposure to light at night led to the growth of breast cancer.

The risk of breast cancer among nurses and other night-shift workers seems to be higher than their counterparts who worked day shifts. 

For every five years a woman worked the night shift, her risk of developing breast cancer increased by as much as 3.3%

A study published in the Journal of National Cancer Institute in 2001 reported that women who work in rotating night shifts for at least three nights per month, along with day shifts, have a moderately high risk of breast cancer.

Further, the risk seems to be higher when the night shifts per week increase!

This increased risk is attributed to the messed-up melatonin levels in the body.

In addition to promoting sleep, melatonin also stops tumor growth and protects against the spread of cancer cells.

When melatonin levels decrease in the body, it results in an imbalance of inflammatory cytokines, increased mutations in the cells, and oxidative damage (due to free radicals)

These events can all trigger cancer development. 

A reduction in melatonin also affects estrogen levels, which further increases the risk of breast cancer.

How Does Genetics Influence Rotating Night Shift Work and Breast Cancer Risk?

A long duration of shift work throughout the years is associated with estrogen and progesterone-positive tumors.

When the circadian rhythm is altered, it changes the expression of the CLOCK genes. This also influences the production of reproductive hormones. 

The NPAS2 Gene

The Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2 or NPAS2 gene is the largest circadian gene. It plays a vital role in sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythm regulation. 

This gene also regulates the cell cycle and works with certain other genes for repairing DNA. The NPAS2 gene shows a strong association with breast cancer.

rs2305160 (Ala394Thr) is an SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in the NPAS2 gene. 

Among women with little or no exposure to shift work, the A allele (AA or AG) is associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer. 

However, among women with AA genotype who had worked >2 years of rotating night shifts, the risk of breast cancer was nearly 3 fold compared to women with the same genotype with <2 years of night shift work.

GenotypeImplication - > 2 years of rotating night shifts
AA (Thr/Thr)~3 fold increased risk of breast cancer
AG (Thr/Ala)Slightly increased risk of breast cancer
GG (Ala/Ala)Normal risk of breast cancer

Use Xcode Life’s Free Gene Tool To Find Out If You Have The Risk Genotype!

The RORA Gene

RAR-Related Orphan Receptor A or the RORA gene is located on chromosome 15 and regulates genes involved in the body’s circadian rhythm.

rs1482057 is an SNP in the RORA gene. A study published in 2014 showed that SNP rs1482057 was associated with breast cancer in postmenopausal women

Women who have at least one A allele and had a history of working night shifts in their lifetime had a higher risk of developing breast cancer

Conversely, women having the CC genotype and working night shifts showed a decreased risk of breast cancer.

GenotypeImplication
AAIncreased breast cancer risk on night shift work
ACIncreased breast cancer risk on night shift work
CCDecreased breast cancer risk on night shift work

The CRY2 Gene

Cryptochrome circadian regulator 2 or the CRY2 gene gives instructions to produce a protein involved in regulating the body’s circadian rhythm.

rs2292912 is an SNP in the CRY2 gene, located on chromosome 11. Night shift working increased the risk of breast cancer in women who carried the CG genotype of rs2292912 SNP.

GenotypeImplication
CGIncreased breast cancer risk on night shift work
GGDecreased breast cancer risk on night shift work
CCDecreased breast cancer risk on night shift work

Regulating Your Sleep-Wake Cycle To Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Since working night shift hours increases the risk of breast cancer in women, one of the most effective ways to lessen this risk is to reduce working night shifts. 

Switching with a colleague’s shift, alternating your night shifts with day shifts, or switching jobs can be a few ways by which you can reduce your night shift hours.

Apart from disrupting the sleep-wake cycle, disturbed sleep or poor quality of sleep in people who work night shifts can increase their risk for breast cancer. 

So, if you are working a night shift, ensure you get your 7-8 hours of sleep every day. If you have trouble sleeping, consult your doctor about supplements that can help you catch up on your daily sleep.

People working the night shift must try and reduce other risk factors of breast cancer. 

A healthy diet with lots of fruits, limited alcohol consumption and smoking, adequate physical activity, and reduced exposure to harmful chemicals can help reduce breast cancer risk. 

Summary

  1. The circadian rhythm regulates our body’s sleep-wake cycle.
  2. A disturbed circadian rhythm increases the risk of developing health conditions like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal problems, etc.
  3. According to many studies and published reports, working the night shift is carcinogenic as it decreases melatonin production - melatonin helps stop tumor growth.
  4. Working the night shift has been particularly associated with an increased risk for breast cancer.
  5. Women with certain changes in genes like NPAS2, RORA, and CRY2 have an increased risk of breast cancer when on rotating night shifts.
  6. Regulating your sleep-wake cycle, getting adequate sleep, following a healthy diet, and limiting alcohol consumption and smoking can help lower breast cancer risk. 

Reference:

How Does Exercise Reduce Breast Cancer Risk?

Regular exercising comes with a range of health benefits, one of which is reduced risk for developing breast cancer. Many studies conducted over the last 20 years have consistently reported a lower risk of breast cancer among women engaging in regular physical activity.

However, the exact mechanism behind this is unclear. Being active may lower estrogen levels in the body. Studies have shown that women with lower blood estrogen levels have a lower risk of breast cancer than women with higher levels.

Adipose tissue is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women. So, reducing body fat with exercise can lower estrogen production and significantly reduce breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. 

In addition, exercise also reduces inflammation in the body, strengthens the immune system, decreases insulin resistance, and reduces oxidative stress – all of which are risk factors for breast cancer development.

Exercises and Breast Cancer Risk - What Do The Studies Say?

A study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2005 reported that physical activity after breast cancer diagnosis might reduce the risk of death due to the disease. 

Women who performed physical activity equivalent to walking for 3 to 5 hours per week at an average pace benefited the most. 

The study also reported that physical activity after breast cancer diagnosis reduced the chances of recurrence and improved the quality of life in these women. 

The primary reason cited for the reduced risk is the low levels of circulating estrogen.

A study conducted in 2015 reported that weight loss by exercise resulted in an increase in lean mass, greater fitness, and a positive effect on the serum sex hormone levels due to greater loss of body fat. 

These effects have been associated with a decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.

A systematic review analysis was conducted and published in 2019, wherein researchers studied 38 cohort studies published between 1994 and 2017 comprising 68,416 breast cancer cases. 

The researchers observed that the risk for breast cancer was significantly lower in people with exposure to physical activity longer than a year but less than five years, followed by those who had a lifetime exposure to physical activity. 

In a study published in 2014, the authors found that breast cancer and colorectal cancer survivors, who increased their physical activity before or after their cancer diagnosis, showed a decreased mortality risk compared with those who were inactive or did not change their physical activity levels.

How Does Genetics Influence Exercise And Breast Cancer Risk?

The MTRR Gene

5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase or MTRR gene gives instructions for producing the enzyme methionine synthase reductase, which is required for the normal functioning of enzyme methionine synthase. 

Certain changes in the MTRR gene can induce insulin resistance, thereby making the cells unresponsive to insulin. This can result in type 2 diabetes

Previous studies reported the association of this genetic change with lung and colorectal cancers, but not with breast cancer.

A 2019 study examined the effect of genetically driven insulin resistance on breast cancer risk

The researchers identified a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs13188458 in the MTRR gene. It was found that, in a group of physically inactive people, those with the T allele of this SNP had a greater risk for abnormally high insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) and breast cancer than people with the G allele. 

AlleleImplication
THigher risk for hyperinsulinemia and breast cancer when physically inactive
GNormal risk for hyperinsulinemia and breast cancer when physically inactive

The ERCC4 Gene

ERCC Excision Repair 4, Endonuclease Catalytic Subunit or ERCC4 plays an essential role in repairing damaged DNA. A defect in this gene has been associated with Xeroderma pigmentosa, a skin condition.

A meta-analysis done in 2011 revealed an association between ERCC4 and breast cancer risk. rs1800067 is an SNP in the ERCC4 gene. 

Postmenopausal women with the GG genotype of this SNP who engaged in >9.23 hours of recreational physical activity per week experienced statistically significant reductions in breast cancer risk.

GenotypeImplication
GGSignificant reduction in breast cancer risk with exercise
AGModest reduction in breast cancer risk with exercise
AANormal risk of breast cancer with exercise

The MLH1 Gene

The MLH1 or MutL homolog 1 gene is a part of MMR or mismatch repair set of genes. It repairs damaged DNA by replacing the portion containing the errors with the corrected sequence. 

rs1799977 is an SNP in the MLH1 gene. Women with the G allele of this SNP who were active during the postmenopausal years experienced significant breast cancer risk reductions.

AlleleImplication
GSignificant reduction in breast cancer risk with physical activity in postmenopausal women
ANormal breast cancer risk with physical activity in postmenopausal women

How To Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer with Exercise

Researchers have observed that postmenopausal women who exercise for at least 300 minutes per week can successfully reduce their body fat compared to those who spent half that time. 

Even 2.5 hours of brisk walking per week can reduce breast cancer by as much as 18%!

If you are in a dilemma about how to begin your exercise, here are some handy and effective tips to help you exercise the right way to keep breast cancer at bay:

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Summary

  1. Studies have consistently reported lower breast cancer risk among women who exercise regularly.
  2. Exercising reduces the estrogen levels in the body, thereby reducing your breast cancer risk.
  3. Several studies report a positive effect of exercising, not only on breast cancer risk but also on breast cancer prognosis and survival.
  4. People with a certain genetic type tend to benefit more in terms of breast cancer risk reduction with exercises.
  5. Brisk walking for even 2.5 hours per week could bring down breast cancer risk by 18%!
  6. Aerobic exercises like jogging, cycling, and swimming also seem to be effective in reducing breast cancer risk. 

References:

Excess body weight is responsible for about 11% of cancers in women and 5% of men. Did you know that the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer is 1.5 times higher in overweight women and 2 times higher in women with obesity? Let’s understand more about how obesity contributes to breast cancer risk. 

How Does Body Weight Affect Breast Cancer Risk?

Being overweight or obese increases the risk for breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. Your Body Mass Index (BMI) determines if you have a healthy weight, are overweight, or are obese. 

A BMI between 18 and 24.9 is considered healthy. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 means that you are overweight. If your BMI is higher than 30, it could indicate obesity.

Women with a BMI over 25 are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer than those with a healthy weight. In addition, this risk is exceptionally high after menopause. Being overweight or obese also increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence.

The exact link between increased weight and breast cancer risk is complicated and multifactorial. The high risk appears to be connected to the estrogen production by the fat cells. 

In premenopausal women, estrogen is mainly produced by the ovaries. However, in postmenopausal women, adipose tissues or fat tissues is the main source of estrogen production.

The number of fat cells is higher in overweight or obese women. This results in increased estrogen production, which is a risk factor for breast cancer development. This is especially of significance for Hormone-Receptive breast cancers that develop and grow on exposure to estrogen.

It has been found that women who are obese after menopause are at a 30% higher risk of developing breast cancer. Gaining more than 22 pounds after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer by 18%.

Obesity And Breast Cancer Risk

Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women

Studies report an association between obesity and a lower risk of Estrogen-Receptor Positive (ER-Positive) breast cancer but a higher risk of ER-negative and Triple-negative breast cancer in premenopausal obese women. 

In addition, a study from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database showed that obesity is associated with an increased risk for Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) in premenopausal women.

Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women

The Million Women Study followed 1.2 million UK women ages 50 to 64 years for a mean of 5.4 years. Out of these, 45,037 women had breast cancer. The study identified a nearly 30% higher risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer with obesity.

A meta-analysis of 34 studies reported that the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer increases with every 5kg/m2 increase in BMI. 

Risk Of Breast Cancer Mortality In Obese Patients

Obesity affects the prognosis and survival rate of breast cancer patients. A recent study found that obese women with breast cancer experienced an 11% decrease in overall survival rate, irrespective of their menopausal status. 

Besides breast cancer, obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and heart diseases - the latter seems to be the leading cause of mortality in women with early-stage breast cancer.

It has also been observed that obese women with breast cancer are more likely to experience complications during surgery and radiation. 

In addition, systemic chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for treating breast cancer are less effective in obese women, further reducing prognosis and survival rate.

Breast cancer-specific mortality among obese women is 1.3 times higher compared to women with a normal BMI

The mortality rate in obese women is also dependent upon the type and characteristics of the tumor. For example, obese women with Luminal A and Luminal B breast cancer were 1.8 and 2.2 times more likely to die from cancer than normal-weight women. 

However, obesity was not associated with breast cancer-specific mortality among women with HER2- and triple-negative tumors.

Genetic Factors That Influence The Relationship Between Obesity And Breast Cancer Risk

The BRIP1 Gene

BRCA1 Interacting Helicase 1 (BRIP1) is located on chromosome 17 and, along with the BRCA1 gene, helps repair any damage to the DNA. It is also responsible for maintaining chromosomal stability.

rs16945628 is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in the BRIP1 gene. The TT genotype of this SNP is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women with a BMI of ≧25 kg/m2.

The IGFBP3 Gene

Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 or IGFBP3 gene is located on chromosome 7 and participates in cell growth, multiplication, and differentiation, and cancer development in the breast tissue. 

rs2854744 is an SNP in the IGFBP3 gene linked to the risk of breast cancer. The CC genotype of this gene significantly increases the risk of breast cancer compared to the AA genotype. This increase was found to be more pronounced in older women.

Studies also showed that women carrying the AC+CC genotypes of the IGFBP3 gene had a larger tumor size in the breast.

Non-Genetic Factors That Influence The Relationship Between Obesity And Breast Cancer Risk 

Obesity is a critical non-genetic risk factor for breast cancer. 

Other factors that increase breast cancer risk in obese women are:

Does Weight Loss Reduce Breast Cancer Risk?

According to a 2019 study, sustained weight loss is associated with lower breast cancer risk for women aged 50 years and older

The researchers looked at 180,885 women from 10 studies. The women's weights were recorded 3 times over a period of 10 years; once when they enrolled and once every 5 years.

Weight changes of 2 kilograms or less (about 4.4 lbs) were counted as stable. 

The study reported the following*:

*Compared with those whose weight was stable.

The study did not include women on postmenopausal hormone therapy, and the results were more prominent in obese or overweight women.

Despite this, the study suggests that even a modest amount of sustained weight loss can lower your breast cancer risk and improve survival rate, if diagnosed with breast cancer.

Recommendations to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Summary

  1. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing breast cancer. This risk is exceptionally high in postmenopausal women.
  2. An increase in weight increases fat cells in the body and a subsequent rise in estrogen levels. Exposure to estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer development.
  3. Women with BMI over 25 have a higher risk for breast cancer. 
  4. Obese premenopausal women have a lower risk for ER-Positive breast cancer but an increased risk for ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer.
  5. Breast-cancer-specific mortality among obese women is 1.3 times higher than in women with normal BMI.
  6. Few genes like BRIP1 and IGFBP3 are associated with breast cancer risk in obese women.
  7. Other factors like lack of physical activity, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history, alcohol consumption, and smoking increase breast cancer risk in obese women.
  8. According to a study, sustained weight loss in women over 50 can help reduce breast cancer risk compared with women whose weight was stable.

References:

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the aggressive subtypes of breast cancer that occurs in women. Unfortunately, the prognosis and management of TNBC pose great difficulty. However, a new study by the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reports an association between statin use and improved survival rates among TNBC affected individuals.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

TNBC is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks any receptors generally found in breast cancer cells. The other types of breast cancers have receptors for any of these hormones: 

*Note: Receptors are proteins that receive chemical signals by binding to specific molecules.

TNBC represents about 10-15 % of all breast cancers.

The presence of even one of the receptors makes treating breast cancer easier. Doctors can then treat cancer by targeting these receptors to get inside the cancerous cell and destroy it.

However, in TNBC, the lack of receptors limits the treatment options.

According to the American Cancer Society, based on diagnosis information between 2010-2016, the 5-year survival rate for TNBC affected individuals is 77%. However, these statistics are subject to variation depending on the cancer progression stage and grade of the tumor.

Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

  1. The most significant risk factor for TNBC is genetics. People having a BRCA mutation are at higher risk of developing TNBC. Almost 80% of BRCA mutations are triple-negative

Know about your BRCA status and risk for breast cancer using Xcode Life’s BRCA and Breast Cancer Report.

  1. Women under the age of 40 years are at a higher risk, as are women in their premenopausal phase.
  1. Ethnicity and ancestry play a significant role in TNBC. For example, people from African American and Hispanic backgrounds are more likely to be diagnosed with TNBC.
  1. Socioeconomic status may also contribute to TNBC diagnosis. For example, a study reported that disparities in income levels and prejudiced healthcare facilities due to socioeconomic status prominently affected TNBC mortality. 
  1. Among other body conditions, obesity is one of the most significant risk factors for TNBC. Therefore, the implication of obesity in TNBC prediction can be used to modify diet and lifestyle choices which will help prevent the development of TNBC. 

What are statins?

Statins represent a class of drugs usually prescribed for heart attacks and stroke. Statins help in lowering blood cholesterol levels. 

Statins can be broadly classified into lipophilic and hydrophilic statins. Lipophilic statins are fat-soluble, and hydrophilic are water-soluble. 

Notably, lipophilic statins quickly enter the cells and communicate with cell membranes. In contrast, hydrophilic statins show more selectivity to liver cells.

Explore your body’s response to different types of statins with Xcode Life’s Personalized Medicine report

Statins & TNBC

The earliest research to report a link between statin and TNBC was a study in 2013. According to the study, statins activate the inhibition of TNBC through the PI3K pathway. They also suggested Simvastatin as a potent candidate for the treatment of TNBC, especially for wild-type (a form of the gene occurring naturally and predominating a population) expression of PTEN in the TNBC tumors. 

Another study, done in 2017, to investigate the outcome of statin use on TNBC produced mixed results. The study observed no apparent association between statin use and overall survival (OS) in an unselected cohort of TNBC patients. 

However, statin use significantly improved OS within a specific group of test subjects whose cholesterol and triglyceride levels were controlled. In addition, statin use showed a pronounced effect on survival rate even for another group of triple-negative patients who experienced metastatic failure. 

*Note: 1. Overall survival: Length of time from the diagnosis date or start of treatment that a patient is still alive.

2. Metastasis: Stage of cancer where the cancerous cells start migrating from their origin site and infect other healthy parts of the body.

In 2019, a study found that the effect of statin use on breast cancer survival depended on the duration of statin use. In the test subject group, patients who had a medical history of statin use for more than five years experienced a conspicuous improvement in survival rate. 

(NB: The findings of the study were irrespective of breast cancer type or receptor subtype)

 In 2020, a statistical study on the clinical outcome of statin use on breast cancer diagnosis involving multiple research studies found a significant association between statin use and decreased recurrence rate and breast-cancer mortality in women. 

YearStudyOutcome
2013Statin induces inhibition of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via PI3K pathway.Statin activates inhibition of TNBC through the PI3K pathway
2017Impact of Statin Use on Outcomes in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Statin use improved survival rates in TNBC patients who:Had their cholesterol and triglyceride levels controlledExperienced metastatic failure
2019Impact of long-term lipid-lowering therapy on clinical outcomes in breast cancer.Long-term (>5 years) use of statin improved survival rates in TNBC patients
2020Association Between Statin Use and Prognosis of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.Significant link between statin use and decrease in the recurrence rate of TNBC and disease-specific mortality in women. 

The Study - Statins Can Improve Survival Rates for TNBC

A study led by Kevin Nead of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center explored the outcomes of statin use in breast cancer patients. This study was the first to investigate the effect of statin use on all subtypes of cancer, focusing mainly on TNBC. 

According to Nead, “Previous research has looked at breast cancer as only one disease, but we know there are many subtypes of breast cancer, and we wanted to focus our research on this particularly aggressive form of breast cancer that has limited effective treatment options.” 

Study Conditions

The study analyzed 23,192 female patient data included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare registry and the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR)-Medicare databases between 2008-2015. Patients were at least 66 years of age and diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer.

2281 patients out of 23,192 were individuals who commenced statin use within 12 months of a breast cancer diagnosis. Out of these 2281 patients, 78.1% were white, 8.9% were black, 8.4% were Hispanic, and 4.5% belonged to other races. 

The study also assessed the type-specific effect of statin on breast cancer outcomes.

Results of The Study

Let’s lower the risk of TNBC!

  1. Keeping a check on body weight and/or obesity, especially for women who have undergone menopause, can help in minimizing breast cancer risk. 
  2. Adopting a Mediterranean diet and foods containing fiber over “Western-type” diets can help with reducing or managing obesity.
  3. Dietary patterns, including plant foods, legumes and/or fish and/or poultry, and unsaturated fats, are associated with a lower risk of cancers and youth mortality.
  4. Limiting alcohol consumption to 1 drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men or stopping alcohol consumption minimizes breast cancer risk.
  5. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprout, and allium vegetables like onion and garlic can be included in the diet for their anti-cancer properties.

Video

Summary

  1. TNBC is the most aggressive of all breast cancers as it lacks all three receptors; it is, therefore, harder to diagnose and treat.
  2. Statins can help in prolonging lifespan by improving survival rates in TNBC.
  3. Long-term and high-intensity use of statins, predominantly lipophilic statins, increases the OS rate.
  4. The stage of cancer and tumor grade is essential to consider while looking at survival rates and statistics.
  5. Managing weight by judicious inclusion of dietary elements while cutting down on alcohol can help prevent breast cancer.

References

  1. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33797 
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/triple-negative.htm  
  3. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/triple-negative.html 
  4. https://www.healthline.com/health/triple-negative-breast-cancer-outlook-survival-rates-stage
  5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X13013697?via%3Dihub 
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559964/ 
  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7596255/ 
  8. https://www.cancer.org/healthy/eat-healthy-get-active/acs-guidelines-nutrition-physical-activity-cancer-prevention/guidelines.html 

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting American women. On average, 13% of American women will develop this invasive condition.

Many genetic and environmental factors can increase or decrease a person’s risk of developing breast cancer.

One such factor is the amount of fat you consume. 

Dietary Fats

Dietary fat is a macronutrient needed in the right amounts to keep the body healthy and nourished. 

The fat you consume is usually stored as a reserve in the adipose tissue and used as an energy source when you consume fewer calories than what the body needs. 

Fat also helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A, D, E, and K.

Fats play a role in protecting your internal organs, keeping you warm, and controlling the action of different hormones.

Dietary Fats and Breast Cancer

High levels of dietary fat may increase the sex hormones in a woman’s body (estrogen and progesterone). Some researchers assume that this may be why fats increase the risk of breast cancer, especially hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers. 

High dietary fat intake also increases the risk of obesity. Obesity, in turn, increases postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer risk by increasing estrogen production in the body. 

A 2003 study assessed the risk of breast cancer in 90,655 premenopausal women between the ages of 26 and 46. This 8-year study identified 714 cases of breast cancer during the follow-up. 

According to the study, women who had consumed high animal dietary fats had a slightly increased risk for breast cancer. The study identified that red meat, animal fat, and dairy products specifically increased cancer risk. 

Does The Type of Fat Matter? 

There are four major types of dietary fatty acids.

Saturated and trans fat are considered unhealthy fats as they increase blood cholesterol levels and lead to heart conditions. 

Unsaturated fats are healthy as they bring down cholesterol levels and also boost heart health.

When it comes to breast cancer risk, the type of fat you consume definitely matters. Many studies relate saturated fats and trans fats to an increased risk for breast cancer. Conversely, some unsaturated fats seem to be protective against breast cancer.

SFAs and Breast Cancer Risk

A 2003 meta analysis studies the risk of breast cancer in people who consumed excess dietary fats. 

According to the meta-analysis, short-term and long-term studies found that people who consumed excessive saturated fats and meat had a 13% higher risk of breast cancer. 

Another combined analysis study that included data from 12 case-controlled studies found a positive relationship between saturated fat intake and breast cancer.

This study also reports that with changes in the diet, up to 24% of postmenopausal women and 16% of premenopausal women in North America decreased their risk of developing breast cancer. 

TFAs and Breast Cancer Risk

Industrial Trans Fatty Acids (ITFAs) are trans fats produced in industries and added to various dairy products, snacks, and pastries. Ruminant Trans Fatty Acids (RTFAs) are made in the bodies of cows, goats, sheep, and other animals as a result of bacterial action. RTFAs are present in most animal fats, and consuming these fats increase RTFA levels in the body.

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) found a positive relationship between ITFA and RTFA consumption and the risk of breast cancer in 318,607 women. 

PUFAs and Breast Cancer Risk

A 2005 study analyzed the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on breast cancer risk. The study reported that omega-3 fatty acids, a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid, brought down the risk of breast cancer. 

In contrast, omega-6 fatty acids, a different kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid, increased the risk of breast cancer.

A 2015 article observed the interaction of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids in the development of breast cancer in 1463 breast cancer patients and 1500 controls. The study suggests that American women can reduce their risk of breast cancer by increasing their omega-3 fatty acid intake (omega-3 has anti-inflammatory properties) and decreasing the consumption of omega-6 fatty acids (Omega-6 induces inflammation). 

MUFAs and Breast Cancer Risk

When it comes to MUFAs, the type of food plays a role in increasing or decreasing cancer risk. 

A 1993 meta-analysis study reported that MUFAs also increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. 

Another study reported that oleic acid and palmitic acid, types of monounsaturated fatty acids, increased the risk of breast cancer in women. 

Olive oil, which is rich in MUFA, seems to protect against cancers, though. People who chose olive oil over other lipids like butter had high levels of protection against all cancers, including breast cancer. 

How Genes Influence Breast Cancer Risk On High-Fat Intake?

The DOCK1 Gene

The DOCK1 gene (Dedicator of cytokinesis gene) helps create the DOCK180 protein that plays a role in signaling between cells. 

rs113847670 is a  single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the DOCK1 gene. It is associated with breast cancer risk. The T allele of this SNP results in 5 times higher risk of developing breast cancer on excess intake of saturated fats.

AlleleImplications
T5-times higher risk of developing breast cancer on excess intake of saturated fats
CNormal risk of breast cancer on excess intake of saturated fats

Dietary Fixes To Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Weight Loss

Obesity is one of the factors that can contribute to increased breast cancer risk. Excess intake of fats can lead to weight gain and obesity too. As a result, the combination of obesity and excess fat intake can aggravate breast cancer risk. 

This is true, especially in post-menopausal women. Such women can bring down their risk of breast cancer by limiting saturated and trans-fat intake. 

Changes in Dietary Pattern

Other than cutting back on fats, the following dietary changes can help lower breast cancer risk: 

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing will tell how harmful fat consumption is for your body. If you are at higher risk of developing breast cancer because of fat intake, talk to a nutritionist to control the risk. 

Video

Summary

  1. Dietary fat is a macronutrient needed for the healthy functioning of the body. 
  2. Excess amounts of dietary fats can lead to various health problems in human beings, including an increased risk of breast cancer in women. 
  3. Dietary fatty acids are of 4 types - Saturated fatty acids (SFAs), Trans fatty acids (TFAs), Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). 
  4. SFAs and TFAs are considered unhealthy fats, and excess consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
  5. Omega-3 fatty acid, a type of PUFA, may protect against breast cancer. Few MUFA foods increase breast cancer risk, while few others like olive oil are protective against the disease.
  6. Certain changes in DOCK1, a gene that produces the DOCK180 protein, can increase the risk of breast cancer on saturated fat intake. 
  7. Losing weight, making healthy dietary changes, and opting for genetic testing can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer because of dietary fat intake. 

Did you know that a person’s chance of developing breast cancer could be genetic? Here’s how it happens. 

We inherit DNA from our parents. Our DNA is present within each of the trillions of cells in our body. DNA contains the instruction manual that determines how our bodies function.

Inheritance of the BRCA gene
DNA instructions manual

Within the DNA, there are thousands of genes that produce all the proteins required by the body. You have two copies of every gene: one from your mum and one from your dad. The mix of your genes is different from that of another person’s. In fact, only identical twins share the same genes. 

Sometimes these genes contain faults, called mutations. In most cases, these faults do not have any dangerous effects.  But certain mutations alter the proteins that play vital roles in the body. It can disrupt normal development and may lead to medical conditions. 

BRCA1 and BRCA2 - The Breast Cancer Genes

Two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are associated with breast cancer. Contrary to popular belief, these genes don’t cause breast cancer.  In fact, they have a protective role against cancers!  In some cases, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have mutations that interfere with their protective role. Though these mutations may not definitely cause breast cancer, they do increase the chance for it to develop.

the BRCA genes
The BRCA genes

A faulty BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene can be passed down from one generation to the next. If either your mum or dad carries a faulty version, then the chance of you having the faulty gene is 50%.  Similarly, if you inherit one faulty gene, the chance of you passing it on to each child is 50%. Breast cancer genes cannot skip generations. People who have a family history are estimated to have at least a one-in-ten chance of carrying a faulty gene.

The inheritance of BRCA
The inheritance of the BRCA genes

Breast Cancer Genetic Test

Genetic tests analyze the BRCA gene and help family members find out whether or not they are at increased risk for breast cancer. More than 1,000 mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known to increase cancer risk. 

Xcode Life’s BRCA genetic analysis includes 18 breast cancer-related traits.

Most genetic ancestry companies like 23andMe, provide your DNA information in the form of a text file. This file is called the DNA raw data. Your 23andMe raw data contains several of the BRCA gene markers, which can be analyzed to find out your breast cancer risk. This data looks like a bunch of letters and numbers, which may not make much sense to you. 

But, Xcode Life can interpret all this information for you!

Video

All you need to do is upload your raw data and order the BRCA and breast cancer report. Xcode Life then analyzes your raw data in detail to provide you with a comprehensive Breast Cancer Risk analysis.

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