Reports
Health
Wellness
Optimism is an attitude characterized by hopefulness and confidence in a successful or favorable outcome for a specific endeavor or the future in general. Research shows that optimism is linked with good outcomes, like higher life expectancy, better recovery rates, and success at work.
There’s a famous saying by Winston Churchill where he defines an optimist and pessimist aptly. It goes like this “An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.”
Optimists expect good things to happen. They look at the positive side of everything. A classic example is a glass filled halfway with water. An optimist would say the glass is half-full, while the pessimist would say the glass is half-empty.
Research shows that a combination of genetics and environmental factors affects optimism levels. People with certain genetic types have a higher likelihood of being optimistic and may exhibit characteristics such as being happy and content, quick to forgive, less stressed, grateful, and altruistic.
The OXTR gene carries instructions for the production of the oxytocin receptor protein. This protein acts as a receptor to oxytocin and binds to it.
Oxytocin is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that transmits signals between neurons. This hormone plays a role in female reproductive functions. It also impacts social functions and emotions such as bonding behavior, empathy, trust, and optimism.
rs53576
rs53576 is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP in the OXTR gene. Individuals with the GG genotype were found to be more empathetic and optimistic. Carriers of the A allele were found to have a higher risk for negative mood states.
Your tendency to look at the positive side of things can also stem from certain non-genetic factors.
Age
Adults tend to be more optimistic than younger people. As you grow older, your experience also increases, and this may lead you to have a more positive outlook on life.
Family environment
Children brought up in a moderately controlled family environment tend to be more optimistic than children who were allowed to be less independent. The socioeconomic status of the family also affects optimism levels.
Optimism has several positive physical and mental health benefits. However, in certain cases, being extremely optimistic can prove to be detrimental.
So, it is more beneficial to have a healthy level of optimism along with a realistic and positive approach to life.
There are several ways to develop a positive outlook and enjoy the benefits of optimism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894461/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25564674
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/optimism-and-your-health
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275795#what_is_oxytocin
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OXTR
https://www.pnas.org/content/116/37/18357
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933381/
https://www.verywellmind.com/the-benefits-of-optimism-3144811#citation-1
Cognition and intelligence are skills that one is born with but can be developed during the individual’s lifetime. Verbal reasoning is the ability to think in words, i.e., the ability to solve problems based on words and language.
Numerical ability, on the other hand, is the ability to play with numbers. Individuals with good numerical ability can work around quickly with numbers, are good with simple arithmetic problems, and use the various formulae they know to arrive at solutions. These individuals are great in sectors like finance and marketing.
Verbal numerical reasoning is an essential cognitive skill that everyone develops as they grow up. This skill has become increasingly important for day-to-day activities, including finding a job.
Numerical reasoning is a basic skill that exists in children even before they are taught mathematics in school. It helps in a myriad number of ways, including:
- Critical thinking
- Solving basic math and arithmetic problems
- Ability to form estimates
- Analysis of graphs and data
- Increases concentration while solving mathematics problems
Verbal reasoning enables one to reason and understands concepts based on words and language. Having good verbal reasoning allows one to develop perception and empathy, solve complicated problems, and develop a good vocabulary.
Verbal numerical reasoning is characterized under a very broad heading of intelligence. There are many factors, apart from genetics, that can influence an individual’s numeric and verbal reasoning. These are:
- Gender: Boys tend to have a better understanding of mathematical problem solving whereas, girls tend to have higher language and verbal reasoning abilities.
- Family environment at home: Poor parenting can result in lower verbal or numerical reasoning in a child.
- Education: The quality of teaching, the level of education
- Diet: A poorly nutritious diet can affect brain development and function in a child and subsequently reduce their verbal and quantitative reasoning abilities.
- Lack of emotional support
Individuals who have high verbal numerical reasoning show some characteristics such as:
- A love for reading and writing
- Sharing thoughts on what they’ve read
- Good editing skills
- Good retention capacity
- Multilingual
Not everyone is blessed with genes that make them adept at verbal and numerical reasoning. However, there are ways to improve your numerical and verbal reasoning abilities:
- Engage yourself in word games or numerical problems
- Try spelling tests or numerical problem tests
- Try writing stories and putting your thoughts into words
- Improve your general knowledge by reading books, newspapers, playing science games
- Try logic games and pattern identifying tests
- Get back to school books and try your hand at some basic numerical and verbal reasoning problems
Agreeableness is one of the five major personality traits that are associated with human behavior. Agreeableness is the ability of a person to be harmonious (agreeable) with the people around. People who are agreeable are often seen to be warm, kind, and pleasant to interact with.
Agreeableness improves interpersonal relationships and results in a satisfactory life.
Agreeableness is a superordinate trait. It means that there are a lot of sub-traits that are grouped under this major trait. Below is a list of 6 sub-traits that form a part of agreeableness.
- Trust
- Altruism
- Straightforwardness
- Modesty
- Compliance
- Tender-mindedness
Agreeableness reflects the individual's tendency to develop and maintain prosocial relationships. Individuals high in this trait are more trustworthy, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modest, and tender-minded.
Agreeableness also affects other personality traits.
Empathy is the ability of a person to feel other people’s emotions. Agreeableness is positively associated with empathy. Studies conclude that people who show high agreeableness are able to be more empathetic too.
Altruism is a behavior where people put other’s happiness forefront and derive joy out of it. Altruism is a very important trait needed for the upliftment of the community and is also positively associated with agreeable people.
Trust is the ability to depend, believe, or confide in another person. Being agreeable makes it easy for a person to trust people around.
The results of three individual studies were analyzed, and the effects of agreeableness on interpersonal relationships and satisfaction were studied.
All studies concluded that agreeableness was positively related to everyday satisfaction and relationship satisfaction.
People who are agreeable try their best to avoid confrontation and hence prefer cooperation over-aggression or anger.
People who are more agreeable show higher levels of modesty.
Lowered levels of agreeableness are also associated with an increased risk of mortality.
Another 2003 study concluded that people with lowered levels of agreeability were at an increased risk for developing a love for unhealthy food habits and an increased risk for physical health conditions like obesity.
The CLOCK gene (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput gene) helps control the body’s internal clock and regulates sleeping and waking up times.
Since the sleep cycle is very important in regulating metabolism and other psychological functions in the body, it also plays a role in changing people’s behaviors.
rs6832769
rs6832769 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the CLOCK gene. The major A allele of this SNP is associated with less agreeability behavior than the minor G allele.
The CNR1 gene (Cannabinoid Receptor type 1 gene) helps produce the cannabinoid receptor in the body. These receptors are active in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) in the body. These receptors play a role in the emotional state of a person and also alter their behavior.
rs806366
rs806366 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the CNR1 gene.
The major C allele of this SNP is associated with higher levels of agreeableness when compared to the minor T allele.
Women score higher in levels of agreeableness than men and show traits like warmth and tender mindedness.
A study analyzed the changes in the Big Five personality traits with age. The study considered the results of two national samples and concluded that the levels of agreeability increased steadily with age. Older people showed higher levels of agreeability when compared to younger individuals.
The parenting style a child is exposed to during the initial years makes a difference in the big five personality traits developed as an adult. Children who experience positive parenting grow up to become agreeable adults. Children who are exposed to an angry parenting style, especially from their mothers, grow with less agreeability and more neuroticism.
People who are very agreeable try hard at pleasing others around. A 2010 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology asked a group of 104 people to interact and play a game together. The study concluded that members were not very happy with people who are very agreeable and tried to push them out of the group.
Pollyanna Myth is a tendency where people remember positive things better and more accurately than negative things. The results of four individual studies show that people who are more agreeable go through extremes of the Pollyanna Myth.
This means they judge prosocial behaviors very positively, but they judge antisocial behaviors with extreme negativity. This makes them unfairly judgemental to those who are not perfect.
Studies suggest that people who are very agreeable tend to become group-thinkers. These individuals cannot make their own unique decisions in a group and may not become effective leaders.
If you are very agreeable, be a part of smaller groups where you are not coerced into making a decision that the group agrees to. Smaller groups work better for people with high levels of agreeableness and encourage them to take independent decisions more confidently.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730208/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/agreeableness
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845351/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730208/
Breastfeeding is feeding a woman's (mother's) breastmilk to a baby for its nourishment. For the first six months of a baby's life, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding to help the child receive essential nourishment.
Most women start lactating as soon as they give birth. They can breastfeed the child for as long as they want to or according to the baby's needs.
A few facts about breastmilk:
- Breastmilk is a perfect combination of fat, sugar, proteins, and water.
- Breastmilk also contains growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones that are needed for the growth and development of the baby.
- The composition of breastmilk keeps changing depending on what the baby needs.
- Breastmilk triggers a positive immune response in the body to help the baby fight infections better.
According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only 58.3% of babies are breastfed at six months, and only 35.3% of infants are breastfed at the one-year mark in the United States.
IQ is the score that measures human intelligence. There are standardized tests that can measure IQ levels. In general terms, people with higher IQ are considered more intelligent with the ability to achieve more personally and professionally.
A 2008 study tried to analyze the effects of extended breastfeeding on a child's cognitive ability. A total of 17046 babies were selected, and 13889 children participated in the follow-up study after 6.5 years.
[Exclusively breastfed children scored better in the IQ tests and also had higher academic ratings when compared to children who were not exclusively breastfed] (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482695).
Another 2015 study assessed the effects of breastfeeding on long-term IQ levels, income bracket, and educational qualifications for 30-year-old adults. A total of 5914 babies were selected for the study, and 3493 of these babies came back as 30-year-old adults for the follow-up.
The study concluded that babies who were exclusively breastfed for at least 12 months had higher IQ scores, had more years of education, and had significantly higher income levels.
In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), the number of children who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months is lower than the average WHO standards. This could be causing lowered IQ standards in these regions.
A 2014 meta-study analyzed the results of 25 individual studies that related obesity and breastfeeding. It concluded that breastfeeding was associated with a lesser risk of obesity in children.
Now, there are also studies that relate childhood obesity with an increased risk for low intellectual ability. Breastfeeding can also increase IQ levels indirectly by bringing down the risk of obesity.
Breastfeeding positively affects the below health factors.
- Breastfeeding reduces the risk of asthma, allergies, and respiratory illnesses.
- Breastmilk strengthens the immune response.
- Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of diabetes and certain kinds of cancers as the child grows up.
Breastfeeding, in general, keeps the child healthy. Healthy children are more active, and physical health is directly associated with increased IQ levels.
You might assume that breastfeeding was the obvious and natural choice for infants before the introduction of formula feeds. That wasn't the case, though.
Breastmilk substitutes were common and largely chosen as early as 3500 BC. There is evidence of breast-shaped pots in clay that were used as an alternative to breastfeeding for babies. These pots were filled with cow and goat milk.
It was very common for ancient Greek, Roman, and Egyptian royalty to hire wet nurses (women who are paid to breastfeed another woman's child) to breastfeed the royal children. By the 16th century, this process was so common that books on 'how to hire a wet nurse' were published and sold in large numbers.
It was said that wet nurses who were highly paid hired cheaper wet nurses to feed their babies and used their milk to feed other children.
As the importance of breastfeeding started being researched, things took a U-turn. Governments started encouraging women to breastfeed their own children. In Germany, during the late 1700s, the government made it compulsory for healthy mothers to breastfeed their own children.
In the 20th century, formula milk was introduced as an easier alternative to breastmilk and became very popular. By around the 1970s, only 22% of women in the United States breastfed their babies, and the rest used formula milk. This lasted for a couple of decades.
Studies that pointed to breastmilk increasing a child's cognitive and IQ skills changed people's mindsets.
Right now, breastfeeding and its importance are widely researched and studied. Women take conscious and better decisions. The benefits of breastfeeding for the development of cognitive abilities are encouraging a lot of healthy and willing mothers to consider breastfeeding their children for as long as they can.
Genetics can play a role in determining how effective breastfeeding is to develop high IQ levels.
The FADS2 gene (Fatty acid desaturase 2 gene) helps in converting fatty acids in the body to Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA). Both these are vital for cell growth and the overall growth and development of human beings.
This conversion is also important for normal cognitive function in children and adults.
rs174575
rs174575 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the FADS2 gene. A study revealed that people with the C allele in this SNP had a 6.4 IQ point advantage when compared to non-breastfed children with the C allele. Children with the G allele did not show such an advantage with breastfeeding.
*rs1535 * is another SNP in the FADS2 gene. The same study identified that people with the AA and AG genotypes of the SNP rs1535 of this same gene showed higher IQ levels when breastfed. This advantage was not present in people with GG genotype.
Make breastfeeding an easy process
Learning the right breastfeeding postures, understanding the basics of the process, and taking help from a lactating consultant if needed can all help make breastfeeding an easy journey, and this will positively affect the child's IQ levels.
Mothers can consider pumping breastmilk and freezing excess milk to ensure they are able to provide breastmilk to the infant for as long as they want to.
Consider mixed feeding if you are unable to exclusively breastfeed
Some women completely give up breastfeeding if they find their milk production inadequate or if the child gets hungry often. Such mothers can consider a mix of both breastmilk and formula milk for their babies to ensure the baby is full and the required goodness from breastmilk is still provided to the child.
Breastfeeding as a personal choice
Breastfeeding is a personal choice of the mother, who should not be forced to take it up because of its relation to positive IQ levels. If the mother is unable to breastfeed because of health issues or does not want to breastfeed, then there are brain exercises and different learning practices that can also help improve Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in babies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4686345/
< https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6480788/>
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371471/
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4913-4 https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm
Happiness can be defined and perceived in various ways. It is a very broadly defined term. It is basically an emotional state characterized by feelings of well-being, joy, or contentment. Psychologists term happiness as subjective well-being. It is a measure of relative life satisfaction.
Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, said, “Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim, and end of human existence.”
Everyone has a different version of true happiness. Some people may be happy with their friends, while others find true happiness when they pursue their dreams. Regardless of what each person’s version of true happiness is, it makes you feel better, live a good life, and gives you a deep sense of contentment. Also, happiness doesn’t refer to a constant state of joy or contentment. People who are happy in general feel other emotions too. Happy people tend to be more optimistic than others and face negative situations better. They generally experience more positive emotions than negative ones.
Some key signs of happiness include
- Feeling more positive than negative
- Being satisfied with life
- Accomplishing what you want in life
- Feeling like your life is good
- Being open to learning new things
- Practicing compassion
- Smiling or laughing readily
- Enjoying healthy relationships
- Being happy for other people
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by different glands in the body. One of the main functions of hormones is to regulate mood. There are certain hormones called happy hormones which promote positive feelings. These happy hormones include:
- Dopamine: Also called the “feel-good hormone” hormone, dopamine is part of the brain’s reward system and is associated with learning, memory, motor system function, and pleasurable sensations.
- Serotonin: Serotonin is involved in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, digestion, learning ability, and memory.
- Oxytocin: Also called the “love hormone,” it is mainly important for childbirth, breastfeeding, and parent-child bonding. It is also involved in promoting trust, empathy, and bonding.
- Endorphins: These hormones are termed the body’s natural pain reliever. They are produced in response to stressful situations. They increase during reward-producing activities, like eating or working out.
A study reported that genetic variation is responsible for 33% of the variance in life satisfaction. There are several genes that affect the production and transportation of happy hormones that are responsible for mood. Changes in these genes can affect your baseline happiness.
The SLC6A4 gene carries instructions for the production of a protein called Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4. This protein is a serotonin transporter. This gene is also called SERT or 5-HTT. Changes in this gene can affect serotonin transportation in the body and hence affect happiness.
rs25531
rs25531 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the SLC6A4 gene. People with the AA genotype of this SNP in the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region) are found to have lower levels of serotonin. People with the GG genotype are found to have higher levels of serotonin and be more happy.
rs2020933
rs2020933 is an SNP in the SLC6A4 gene. People with the A allele of this SNP are found to be happier because the A allele is associated with higher efficiency of the serotonin transporters.
There are several factors apart from genetics that affects happiness. These include income, socioeconomic status, sleep, marriage, education, religious factors, job satisfaction, health, education level, and physical activity are factors that affect how happy a person is.
There are various things you can do to make your life happier. Happiness is not consistent. Certain habits may make some people happy, but not others. With a little time and practice, you’ll figure out what does and doesn’t work for you.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841741/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3858957/
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-happiness-4869755
https://www.healthline.com/health/happy-hormone
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/happiness-and-health
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-be-happy
Memory is an important part of who we are. From recollecting childhood memories to remembering your grocery list, memory is important in all aspects of our lives. It is defined as the ability to acquire, store, retain, and retrieve information. Various parts of the brain are involved in the complex process of memory.
Memory is not perfect. Memory declines with age. People may sometimes have problems with remembering things or are forgetful at times. There are also certain medical conditions like dementia that can cause problems with memory and lead to memory loss.
There are three major processes involved in memory, namely encoding, storage, and retrieval. Based on what you’ve learned or experienced, the human memory stores the information. This information can be recovered whenever needed.
Broadly, memory is classified into sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory
Also called working memory, this is brief storage of information. It lasts for lesser than a second for visual information and a few seconds for auditory information. Sensory information is taken in by the sensory receptors processed by the nervous system and stored very briefly till it's passed onto short-term memory.
When you hold a sparkler, which is a handheld firework, and move it in different patterns, your eyes move along the trail of light. This is an example of sensory memory.
Short-Term Memory
Also known as primary or active memory, it is the information that we are thinking about at present. This lasts for about 20-30 seconds. Short-term memory can be quickly forgotten. From this stage, information is transferred to long-term memory.
When you need to remember a phone number someone just told you or a grocery list, you use your short-term memory.
Long-Term Memory
Long-term memory involves the storage of information for a continuous period of time. Some long-term memories can be recalled easily, while others take longer to remember.
Long-term memory involves recollecting past events, some events that happened years ago. Remembering how to ride a bike or swim requires long-term memory.
Also called Lethologica, this is the inability to remember the right word. This problem occurs when you feel like you have the answer to a question at the tip of your tongue, but you can't remember it.
Smell is a powerful memory trigger. The ability to smell is linked to memory. The olfactory nerve is located close to the hippocampus and the amygdala, the region of the brain responsible for emotion and emotional memory.
A good memory can be a great asset and can help in daily life, in school, or at work. Apart from playing a role in your daily life, memories are also important for your personal life. Your memories and experience can define you as a person. Long-term memories can lead to nostalgia, which is a warm, emotional feeling you have when you come across something familiar.
Memory and learning have a symbiotic relationship. Memory is needed for learning, but through learning, information is stored in one's memory.
Memory also helps you focus. In today's world, there is a lot of technology that tends to distract you. Recalling past events through memory can help you focus and be more disciplined.
Everyday events of life influence one's memory power. Genetics also plays a role in your memory power.
Research shows that genes also play a role in influencing your memory. Genetics can be responsible for some of the differences in memory between individuals. Genetics influence educational attainment, emotional memory, and memory performance.
People with certain genetic types are more likely to have better memory and may exhibit characteristics such as rapid recall of events, be better at remembering names, and more adept at learning new skills/language.
The KIBRA gene carries instructions for the production of kidney and brain expressed protein. This protein is also called WW domain-containing protein 1. Research shows that changes in this gene are linked to memory performance.
rs17070145
rs17070145 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or an SNP in the KIBRA gene. People with the T allele of this SNP are found to have better free recall performance and improved episodic memory, a type of long-term memory compared to those with the CC genotype.
The CLSTN2 gene carries instructions for the production of a protein called Calsyntenin 2. Studies show that changes in this gene are linked to memory performance.
rs6439886
rs6439886 is an SNP in the CLSTN2 gene. People with the T allele were found to have better memory performance.
Age
Memory declines with age.
Sleep
Getting too little sleep or too much sleep can affect your memory power. An adequate amount of sleep is needed to maintain memory.
Mental Health
Stress can affect your memory power. Stress can create problems with short-term memory and retrieving long-term memories. Depression can lead to confusion and memory loss. Anxiety also affects memory power.
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, which affects your memory. An underactive thyroid can affect your memory span and ability to concentrate. It can lead to forgetfulness. Hyperthyroidism also affects memory and can lead to confusion.
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Some studies show that Vitamin B12 deficiency affects memory power.
Alcohol abuse
Heavy alcohol use can result in memory lapses. You may find it difficult to recollect certain events or the entire night. People with alcohol use disorder may have short-term or long-term memory loss.
Medication
Certain medications, including antidepressants, antihistamines, anti-anxiety medication, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and pain medication, can lead to memory loss and confusion.
Here are some ways to improve your memory.
- Taking note of things or writing them down helps you retain information better.
- Try to remember long lists using mnemonics like abbreviations, acronyms, or even songs and rhymes.
- Getting sufficient sleep is important for maintaining memory power.
- Try to avoid consuming large amounts of alcohol as it can lead to memory problems in the long run.
- Brain training can improve working and short-term memory. Mental workouts may improve memory.
- Regular physical exercise can reduce the risk of cognitive decline with age.
- Studies show that mindfulness meditation can improve brain function and memory.
- Sugary foods, a high-calorie diet, and refined carbs may create problems with memory. Low levels of vitamin D can also cause problems with cognitive function. A balanced diet, including anti-inflammatory foods, fruits, and vegetables, can help maintain memory.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/314/5798/475/tab-pdf
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326068
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-improve-memory
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-memory-2795006
https://www.verywellmind.com/facts-about-memory-2795359
Leadership is a trait demonstrated by some people who have the inherent tendency to influence people and lead them. It is a complex trait influenced by many factors. As per the famous saying by Bennis and Nanus in 1985 – “Leadership seems to be the marshaling of skills processed by a majority but used by a minority. But, it is something that can be learned by anyone, taught by everyone, and denied to no one.”
Leadership can also be called a ‘process’ by which an individual influences a group of people to achieve a common goal in a more coherent way. Leadership potential is the ability of an individual to take up a leadership role or duty.
Leadership as a phenomenon has been around since the time the beginning of time. Whenever people needed to come together to either solve a problem or make a decision, their ideas, thoughts, and suggestions had to be channeled and coordinated to reach common ground.
What started as simple leadership way back in prehistoric times has evolved into more complex leadership systems and principles. However, what we learn from evolution is that people were born to lead.
There are genetic and non-genetic factors that determine who leads the pack and who follows the lead.
There are more than one ways to identify a good, natural-born leader who was born to lead. Some qualities of a true leader are:
- Empathy
- Courteousness
- Courage
- Compassion
- Integrity
- High levels of energy and stamina
- Tolerance for stress
- High self-confidence
- Risk-taker
- Optimistic
- Adaptability and agility
- Decisive
- Good communicator
It is common to hear the phrase ‘born to lead,’ and research seems to support this. Genetics is said to play a role in determining if one is born to be a leader.
One gene and the very first one that was studied in this regard was the CHRNB3 gene. This gene contains instructions for the production of Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 protein. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
*rs4950 *
rs4950 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the CHRNB3 gene. It is associated with the tendency to occupy a leadership role. Individuals with two rs4950 A alleles are proportionally more likely to be in a leadership role compared to those with one or two G alleles.
While leadership potential is influenced by your genes, there are other factors that help people learn and develop leadership traits. Most of these factors come into play very early on in an individual’s life, such as at home and school.
Environment early in life
Individuals who have lived with encouraging families or families that showcase leadership in their homes tend to raise leaders.
Education and hobbies
Individuals who are well-read, well-informed, and mentored by teachers in school have a higher chance of developing leadership qualities and potential.
Problem-solving ability
Individuals who are exposed to problem-solving and taking well-informed decisions early in life tend to develop leadership abilities as they grow up.
Here are a few ways to develop your leadership skills.
- Practice discipline in your professional and personal life by sticking to deadlines and appointments and maintaining a good work-life balance.
- Take up more responsibility and step out of your comfort zone.
- Listen and be ready to follow your teammates.
- Have a bird’s eye view of the situation while keeping track of the nitty-gritty of the projects that you are managing.
- Inspire and encourage others to rise and grow.
- Always be open to learning.
- Empower others and make them independent.
- Face and resolve conflicts.
- Be a good listener.
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CHRNB3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583370/
Maths or mathematical ability can be defined as the mental ability needed to acquire knowledge or skill in mathematics, which includes measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols.
To put it simply, it is the ability to perform mathematical tasks and to effectively solve given mathematical problems.
Research shows that the parietal cortex, the top/middle region of the brain, plays a central role in our ability to process numerical information or numerical cognition. The right parietal region is involved in basic quantity processing. The left parietal region is involved in precise number processing and numerical operations such as addition and subtraction.
A study published in the Cerebral Cortex journal reported that the left and right hemispheres work together to improve math performance. The strength of communication between the two hemispheres of the brain predicts performance in basic arithmetic problems. Study participants who had the strongest connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain were found to be better at subtraction.
A widely accepted and most acknowledged theory was put forth by Krutetskii in 1976. He suggested that maths ability includes the following:
- Using formal language and operating within formal structures of connections
- Thinking in a logic-sequential manner
- Performing shortcuts while solving problems
- Using more than one approach
- Recalling previous concepts and generalizations.
A person’s ability to do maths is a balance of nature and nurture. Both genetic and environmental factors can decide your relationship with maths. Maths ability is considered to be a complex trait that involves neurological and cognitive development as well as education and training. Some people have a bad relationship with math early on. Math problems may give them anxiety, and they lack the confidence to attempt complicated math problems. Others may love math and try complicated problems as a fun challenge.
Maths ability is known to be heritable. Several genes that play a role in brain development influence the ability to do maths also. A study published in the PLOS Biology journal identified genetic variations and brain regions that affect maths ability. The study suggests that genes that influence the early development of the brain’s basic quantity processing system might affect maths ability.
The SPOCK1 gene carries instructions for the production of a protein called Testican-1. This gene is involved in tumor progression and prognosis as well as neurogenesis, which is the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain. This gene is found to play a role in neurodevelopment, and hence changes in this gene are found to affect maths ability.
rs1012694
rs1012694 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the SPOCK1 gene. People with the minor allele, the T allele are found to have lower mathematical ability.
rs11743006
rs11743006 is an SNP in the SPOCK1 gene. People with the minor allele, the A allele, are found to have lower mathematical ability.
Education
Early education can affect how you learn maths and your liking for it. Teaching methods, teacher’s behavior, quality of teaching, motivation, the concentration of students, are found to influence maths ability.
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia is a maths learning disability. Scientists are not sure of the exact cause for this disability. People with this condition find it difficult to learn number-related concepts, perform accurate maths calculations, reason and solve problems, and perform other basic maths skills.
Other conditions
People with dyslexia, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) find it harder to learn maths and solve maths problems.
A person’s motor skills also affect their maths learning ability. Fine motor skills are essential for the early development of mathematical skills.
People with Alzheimer’s also find it difficult to perform simple mathematical calculations as their condition worsens.
Autism and Mathematical Skills
Children with autism are found to have better mathematical skills compared with nonautistic children with the same IQ range. These children were found to have unique patterns of brain activation while solving maths.
Even though genetics partly influences maths skills, you can follow certain methods to improve your ability to solve problems and understand maths better.
- The proverb “Practice makes a man perfect” holds for maths ability also. Practice is very important to get better at maths. By practicing, you can get used to solving problems, and you may even increase the speed at which you solve.
- Focus on understanding concepts. Just learning and memorizing the formula won’t help when you are given a new problem with variations in the concept. Learning the concept can help you understand what you’re doing and improve your maths skills.
- Try to think of real-world situations in which you can use the concepts you’re learning. This will help you understand and remember it better.
- Don’t lose hope. Basic maths is not very hard. There are various resources available online and offline to help you get better at maths.
- There are certain strategies and learning methods for people with dyscalculia to improve their mathematical skills. These include repeated practice, segmented subject material, and different learning methods to understand basic concepts.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3729197/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5290743/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120829103516.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201022144549.htm
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/23/9/2127/595267
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130816130353.htm
https://www.healthline.com/health/dyscalculia
An entrepreneur can be defined as someone who comes up with a business idea and turns it into a working business model. Entrepreneurs range from small business owners to people who started multi-million dollar companies.
TThere’s a famous quote by Reid Hoffman, an American internet entrepreneur, that goes like this “An entrepreneur is someone who jumps off a cliff and builds a plane on the way down.” This goes to say that entrepreneurs take several risks and face uncertainties during the course of launching their idea successfully. They see possibilities and solutions that others don’t. They think outside the box. They take action and make a change in this world for the better.
Entrepreneurship involves the whole process of designing, launching, and running a business. It is also about solving big problems and transforming the world. Entrepreneurship potential is a key factor that determines your chances of self-employment.
Several characteristics define a successful entrepreneur. These include self-belief, open-mindedness, efficiency, strategic planning, a flair for leadership, and risk-taking ability. /p>
Entrepreneurship potential is determined by several factors, including environmental factors, genetics, and your capabilities as a person.
Entrepreneurship is of immense importance in the economic development of society. It
Studies have shown that 30 to 35% of the entrepreneurial traits are heritable. Though this implies that environmental factors contribute to the rest of the major 70%, 1/3rd of the fraction is a significant number. People with certain genetic types have a higher likelihood of being entrepreneurs.
The RNF144B gene carries instructions for the production of Ring Finger Protein 144B. This protein is involved in protein modification pathways. Research shows that changes in this gene influence entrepreneurship potential.
rs6906622
rs6906622 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the RNF144B gene. Individuals with the minor allele T are found to have a higher probability of being self-employed.
The SV2C gene carries instructions for the production of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2C. It plays a role in controlling secretion by neural and endocrine cells. Changes in the SV2C gene are found to influence entrepreneurship potential.
rs2358531
rs2358531 is an SNP in the SV2C gene. People with the AA genotype of this SNP are more likely to be self-employed.
Certain characteristics that are key to entrepreneurial success include creativity, passion, industry knowledge, leadership skills, and the ability to take calculated risks.
Economic and environmental factors that influence entrepreneurship potential include the strength of the business idea, the location of the business, the political and regulatory environment, and access to early finance, modern technology, law and order assistance, transportation facility, business associations, market channels, and a good network of people.
Succeeding as an entrepreneur is tough but not impossible. The journey can be full of obstacles , but following these suggestions will help you overcome those obstacles and establish your business.
- Overcome your fear of failure. Though you may not get everything right the first time, and your failures make others doubt your ability, persevere courageously till you reach your goal.
- Seek out opportunities to improve your leadership skills.You can volunteer to lead fundraisers or coach a children’s group. Start clubs in areas you are interested in and organize club activities to reach more people.
- Try finding a mentor, you can get inspiration from. Mentors can help you with things that seem new and difficult to you initially. They may already have experience in the industry and can help you avoid common mistakes.
- Learn new things and keep up with modern trends in the industry.
- Problem-solving is an essential skill for any entrepreneur. Look for different ways to solve problems put forth to you.
- Sales is an important aspect of every business. You will be able to develop a better understanding of the market and its demand when you get involved in sales.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26004676
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774895/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276202145_ENTREPRENEURIAL_POTENTIAL_WHAT_DO_WE_KNOW_ABOUT_IT
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-010-9308-1
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273445422_Economic_and_Environmental_Factors_Leading_to_Entrepreneurial_Success
