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The hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) is associated with the synthesis of hepatic lipase enzyme (LIPC) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fat. Hepatic lipase converts intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).It is expressed in the liver and in the adrenal glands. Specific alleles of this gene are known to either increase or decrease hepatic lipase levels, and due to linkage disequilibrium, the levels of lipoprotein lipase, which is associated with variations in the plasma HDL levels. People with the T variant of the gene are shown to be associated with higher baseline HDL levels.
| CHIP Version | LIPC SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your LIPC Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your LIPC Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your LIPC Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
People with the C variant of the gene were associated with reduction in weight, body fat and visceral fat.
In a study investigating the effects of endurance training on plasma lipoprotein levels, people with the C variant of the gene have been found to be associated with exercise mediated reduction in VLDL and increase in HDL. The benefit of exercise was found to be more in men with CC genotype than women.
In a meta-analysis study conducted on children, boys with the T allele had a higher BMI and higher risk of obesity. In another study, boys with the T variant of the gene were found to be associated with higher HDL level on high fat intake.
In a study conducted to determine gene-nutrient interactions, people with the T variant on a low fat diet (less than 30% of energy from fat) have been shown to be associated with higher HDL levels. In a study conducted to identify how Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians in Singapore were exposed to similar environment but where Asian Indians had three times the rates of myocardial infarction compared to Chinese, found that a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors gave rise to these ethnic differences. A high fat diet was shown to be associated with higher serum triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations in people with the T variant while those with the C variant were shown to be associated with lower serum triglyceride and higher HDL cholesterol under the same dietary conditions. People with the T variant of the gene may have an impaired adaptation to a high fat diet, increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease.
In a study conducted on the LIPC gene variant and insulin sensitivity, the baseline insulin sensitivity was found to be similar between the gene variants but, upon exercising, people with the C variant were shown to be associated with higher insulin sensitivity. In a similar study, men with the T variant were shown to be associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity when MUFA and carbohydrate rich are consumed instead of SFA fat. There was no association with women with the T variant and between diet and insulin sensitivity among men and women with the C variant.
| Genotype | Phenotype | Recommendation |
| CC | [Limitation] More likely to have lower baseline HDL [Advantage] More likely to have higher HDL level upon exercising [Advantage] More likely to have higher HDL on high fat diet [Advantage] More Likely to have improvement in insulin sensitivity upon exercising [Limitation] Less Likely to have improvement in insulin sensitivity when on MUFA and Carbohydrate rich diet | Likely increase in HDL upon exercising Including exercise routines is beneficial to HDL levels and insulin sensitivity |
| CT | Slightly improved insulin sensitivity upon exercising | Likely increase in HDL upon exercising Including exercise routines is beneficial to HDL levels and insulin sensitivity |
| TT | [Advantage] More likely to have higher baseline HDL [Limitation] Less likely to have higher HDL level upon exercising [Limitation] More likely to have Lower HDL on high fat diet [Limitation] Less Likely to have improvement in insulin sensitivity upon exercising [Advantage] More Likely to have improvement in insulin sensitivity when on MUFA and Carbohydrate rich diet | Likely increase in HDL level when on MUFA and Carbohydrate rich diet People with this gene variant would benefit from consuming low fat diet and carbohydrate rich diet |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
[idea]In the last few decades, the nutritional dogma has been about emphasising small & frequent meals throughout the day. Recent research shows that those who eat less are generally healthier, with improved metabolic health, cognition and live longer than those who eat more. Intermittent fasting is based on the principle of alternating between periods of eating and fasting. Intermittent Fasting is practiced in several ways including periodic multi day fasts to skipping a meal or two on certain days of the week. Most of us already fast every day, while we sleep. Simply extending this fast is referred to as Intermittent fasting. One way of doing this is by having your first meal at noon and last meal at 8 p.m in the evening, thus going on an 18 hours fast every day.[/idea]
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From an evolutionary perspective, fasting and food deprivation is one of the factors that could have attributed to the optimal performance of the human brain. Evolution favoured the selection pressure of those individuals who were adept in acquiring food from the limited food sources. Recent research demonstrates the beneficial effect of intermittent fasting and vigorous exercise on brain health. The fact is, until recently, humans did not have guaranteed food supply and may have had to struggle to obtain food for survival. During the course of thousands of years, we have developed the “genetic” ability to use calories wisely and to survive for periods of time without food. This genetic ability is what enables “slow” calorie burning and calorie storage for long periods of time in most people. This is why most people have a tendency to become obese upon consuming excessive food. Our bodies were not built in an environment of excessive food, rather the lack of it.
From that point of view, “simulated” fasting acts to prime the body to a state of calorie deficit, which has been shown by many studies to have several beneficial effects, some of which are listed above. Intermittent Fasting can be performed in a number of ways and it is controversial whether one way is better than others. In some forms, some foods are allowed while some others advise complete fasting. The duration and timings also differ. Given this, one can experiment with a schedule that works best for them. Some suggestions are given below.
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